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History > Peel > Flashcards

Peel Flashcards

1
Q

Impact of Irish Famine 1845-1852

A

Potato famine
>Meat & Dairy produced but too expensive for peasants
>Made the repeal of the Corn Laws at the front of everyone’s minds to alleviate suffering
>Scarcity of food drove prices up
> Worst effects after Peel left office

Peel –> purchased Indian corn (Maize)

    - -> sponsored Public workschemes
    - -> Organsied local relief committee's
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2
Q

Tamworth Manifesto Dec 1834

A

> Appealed to the newly enfranchised middle class
Saw GRA as irreversible
Accepted that there were circumstances that did require moderate reform
Reassured traditional Tories about his commitment to protecting property and interests of the Church of England
Concept of party organisation and a distinct manifesto were new and caused success

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3
Q

Tolpuddle Martyrs

A

> Main Influence = George Loveless
6 labourers formed a friendly society of agriculture labourers to negotiate with farmers, they swore to abide by rules like an oath.
They were arrested and sentenced to seven years transportation (sentence criticised)
They returned in 1836 and were pardoned
This happened during swing riots and pre GRA

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4
Q

Trade Unions STRENGTHS

A

> Union activity grown, larger scale
More political awareness
Regional national organisations–> different trades together
Some activity legalised

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5
Q

Trade Union WEAKNESSES

A

> Not up to date with economic changes
Union membership small
Gained few political rights
Judges and MPs unsympathetic to trade unions
Employers effectively dealt with trade unions

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6
Q

Trade Union groups

A
  1. Grand Central Union of Operative Cotton Spinners (GCUOCS) –> John Doherty, Lancashire, 1829, strikes, wanted higher wages
  2. National Association for the Protection of Labour (NAPL)–> John Doherty, Lancashire & Cheshire, 1829, 20 different skilled trades, publications
  3. Grand National Consolidated Trade Union (GNCTU) –> Robert Owen, London, 1834, 16,000, mutual support
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7
Q

Trade Unions- why not allowed/ liked

A

> Banned 1799 combination acts
Employers tried to stop people joining by refusing giving references to employers and not letting them use machines
Combinations resorted to secret meetings at night with passwords and oaths of loyalty –> FEAR
Key Man: John Doherty
1824- repeal of combinations act
1825- amendment act

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8
Q

Anti- Poor Law movement

A

Leaders Fielden& Oastler
>Tried to organise protests –> not as good as ACLL
> Concentrated on industrial areas, Yorkshire and Lancashire
>Produced pamphlets and public meetings and tried to get supporters elected as guardians
> Had some success –> delayed implementation of Poor Law in many towns and cities–> Bolton and Norwich
> HOWEVER, didn’t achieve national league, focused on North
>250,000 turned up to Yorkshire mass meeting & 1837 attack on Huddersfield delayed poor law

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9
Q

Opposition to Poor Law

A

Tory Paternalists–> thought it destroyed the traditional relationship between rich and poor, saw it as rich’s obligation to help poor

> Working class radicals–> saw as Whig contempt for poor

> JP’s and Overseers–> objected acts centralising tendencies, criticism of previous administration and instability of indoor relief in some areas

> Working class poor–> terrified into action over new Poor Law through rumours of these being new ‘bastilles’.

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10
Q

Poor Law Amendment Act 1834

A

> Outdoor relief for Old and infirm–> abolished for able bodied men (and family)
Conditions of workhouses =’less eligible’
Parishes join together to make central workhouses
Workhouses run by boards of guardians elected by rate payers
Paupers kept separately
Central Poor Law commission set up, 3 commissioners to oversee system & uniformity

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11
Q

Aims of new Poor Law

A

> National system
Equal burden on rate payers as far as possible
‘Less eligibility’ principle–> it would be individuals advantage to work
Enhance moral attitudes in working class

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12
Q

why was poor law needed

A

> Lack of uniformity across country
Rapidly rising population
High bread prices–> Corn Laws
System cost too much
Too much help to ‘undeserving poor’, needed to promote handwork
Poor being paid by hard working farmers/ land owners
Fear of working class unrest, especially from idle poor.

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13
Q

Chartist Bills, years and signatures

A
  1. 1839, 1.2 million
  2. 1842, 3.3 million
  3. 1845, 5 million but only 2 million real
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14
Q

Who were the chartist leaders?

A

Fergus O’conner, William Lovett

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15
Q

What year were the chartists formed?

A

1838

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16
Q

Chartists aims

A 
Six political aims, including:
1. universal male suffrage 
2. annual elections 
3.
4.
5.
6.
17
Q

Leadership Weaknesses of the chartists

A

O’conner= physical force
Lovett= moral force
No planning for rejection of Bills

18
Q

Government response to the chartists

A

Kennington common 1848

  • -> ready for revolution
  • -> Wellington brought out of retirement
19
Q

Mines and Colleries Act 1842

A

> No women/ girls underground

>No boys under 10 underground

20
Q

Factory Act (Graham but under Peel)

A

> No children under 8 working in factories
8-13 years only work 6 1/2 hours a day
women/children 13-18 work 12 hours a day
Safety rules- children cannot clean moving machinery
Inspectors have right to enter factories & schools
Surgeons clarify age of children
3 hours schooling a day

21
Q

Impact of social reform

A

> Limited Legislation
Attempts for a 10 hour day failed (Until 1847)
Inspectors report said age certificates were hard to enforce and many were not complying to acts
Acceptance of principle of regulation was an achievement

22
Q

Anti-Corn Law League

A

Leaders: Cobden and Bright (BOTH MPs)
> Formed 1839
> Greatest support from Middle class
>Total and immediate repeal of Corn Laws
>Funds raised easily
>Spread propaganda, pamphlets
, leaflets, penny post to help them reach people

Opposition:
The Times
Disraeli
Landowners

23
Q

Why did Peel win the election of 1841?

A

> Peel’s skill –> Tamworth Manifesto, accepted GRA as vital, refused PM in 1837 after ladies of the bedchamber affair–> gained respect

> Whig weakness, seen as unable to control radicals, lost countryside support because of treatment of Swing Riots and Tolpuddle, lost passion for reform after Grey resigns

> Situation- economy down, chartism up, frequent elections

> Work of others- Bonham worked with newly registered voters, set up carlton clubs

24
Q

Maynooth Bill 1845

A

> payments of £30,000 to develop the Catholic seminary (training for priests) and trebling of its annual grant.

> To prevent rebellion but it did provoke backbench rebellion and an opposition group set up. 1.2 million signed a petition against

25
Q

Irish Colleges Bill 1845

A

> Three new higher education colleges set up in Belfast, Cork and Galway aimed at middle class
They were seen as Godless colleges and disliked by church leaders
Only Belfast survived

26
Q

Banning of the Repeal of the Association Meeting 1834

A

> Mass meeting planned by O’connell but he called it off, to clamp down on sedition, seen as turning point
O’connell never held a meeting again

27
Q

Appointment of the Lord of Heytsbury 1844

A

> Replaced Lord De-Grey (unpopular) to rermove impression that peel was anti-catholic, an improvement

28
Q

Royal commission (Ireland 1844)

A

> To sort issue of compensation for tenant farmers who were evicted, improve relationships between tenants and English landlords, defeated in Lords (would harm their property rights)

29
Q

Charitable Bequests Act 1844

A

Made it easy to leave money to Catholic church in will , was of direct benefit to catholics

30
Q

1845 Budget

A

> Extended income tax for further 3 years, all export tariffs abolished, import tariffs largely abolished

31
Q

Bank Charter Act 1844

A

> Bank of England central issuer of banknotes.
Notes had to be covered by gold bullion reserves
This was to regulate banking system and restore business confidence by stabilising currency
GOOD: Increased business confidence
BAD: Money supply too limited

32
Q

Companies act 1844

A

> Official registration, issue prospectuses and publish accounts annually.
Encourage business confidence–> worked

33
Q

Canada Corn Bill 1843

A

Corn from Canada imported with very low tariffs to get cheaper goods for people

34
Q

Cattle Import 1842

A

Cattle import duties lowered

35
Q

Sugar Bill 1844

A

> Lower imports on foreign non-colonial sugar, British sugar plant growers did not like,as it threatened business

  • -> Increased trade and gov income
  • -> 62 conservative MPs vote against it and Peel threatens to resign so they agree
  • -> Peel alienates many backbenchers
36
Q

1842 Budget

A

> Income tax introduced, first time in peacetime to balance gov books and solve economic crisis, 7 pence in £ over £150, so poor not affected
3 year measure
Duties- export duty abolished on all manufactured goods, import duty cut on 750 of 1200 goods
- sliding scale on corn (to stimulate trade increase gov income, and create cheaper goods for people

History (6 decks)

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