peer Flashcards
(26 cards)
Court Referral
complaint or petition filed with the juvenile court
Detention
In custody or confinement; a suspect awaiting trial
Adjudication
The final judgment; the act of pronouncing judgment based on the evidence presented – found guilty
Disposition
The sentence; placement post adjudication (e.g., probation, house arrest, correctional facility)
After emerging adulthood (~26), rates drop in early to mid aduthood
Brain fully developed at 26 and family factors likely involved
Also likely to have been arrested by now
Another major drop in late adulthood (60’s)
Testosterone may be involved along with less physical ability
Two competing hypotheses
) Disproportionate minority arrest is due to increased exposure to early risk factors
2) A differential sensitivity to early risk factors contributes to disproportionate minority arrest.
Why risk factors don’t account for racial differences in drug-related arrest?
Evidence to suggest that African-American youth are more likely to obtain and use substances in more public places, where police officers are more abundant and individuals are more likely to get caught
Coker (2003) proposes that African-Americans are more likely to be stopped for traffic offenses, and when stopped, police search cars to further discover criminal activity (i.e., drug possession) that leads to arrest.
Other risk factors (e.g., parental substance use) not assessed and/or more proximal predictors (e.g., substance use or peer relationships just prior to the time of arrest) may better account for drug-related arrest than the more distal predictors examined
What does this mean?
Early intervention needed
These findings stress the need for early multifaceted interventions that target both individual and contextual factors
An increased focus on effective prevention programs within schools and community-based organizations that predominately serve African-American families is indicated.
Being African-American DOES NOT cause the development of problem behavior that leads to arrest
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Early environmental factors are likely responsible
Institutional racism:
Results in poor prenatal healthcare, malnutrition, and exposure to toxins, etc., which can result in psychological problems.
Creates undue hardship for African-American parents
Difficulties are further compounded by disadvantaged schools, few employment opportunities, poor neighborhood quality, etc.
Risk and Protective Factors
From a statistical standpoint:
Don’t want to draw conclusions simply based on correlations (variables being related)
Rather:
Want to use longitudinal data
Examine risk/protective factors as a moderator/interaction effect
Examine in multiple studies and sample types
Risk Domains Associated with Antisocial Behavior
Child Characteristics Family Factors Parents Peers Neighborhood School Factors Media and Video Games
Child Characteristics risk factors
Temperament
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Low intelligence
Family Characteristics
Family
risk factors
Can be defined in a number of different ways for different people
Can be very narrow (nuclear) or very broad (extended)
Traditional vs. non-traditional
Some focus specifically on blood relation
Family risk Factors
Large Family
High turnover of caregivers
Low SES/family unemployment
Delinquent siblings or others in the home
Weapons in the home
parent risk factors
Teen parents Single parents Low parental education Parental psychopathology Smoking during pregnancy Parenting practices employed Poor supervision Poor communication Physical punishment Poor attachment Neglect and abuse Parental disagreement about parenting
Peer Influence risk factor
Humans are social beings and as such we seek and hope to maintain social relationships
Peers provide crucial social relationships
Peers have the opportunity for equal/little power differential relationships
As children age children spend increasing amounts of time with peers, resulting in mutually influencing social beings
Peer Rejection
People have a need to belong
Being rejected leads to a host of negative emotions
A failure to bond leads to a lack of caring, which can result in giving up on societal norms and rules = delinquency
Peer Delinquency
Peer Delinquency of the strongest factors associated with youth delinquency
Youth tend to engage in many forms of antisocial behavior together
Peers also mutually influence (reinforce) one another’s poor behavior
Selection
Children tend to affiliate with similar peers – they select children who engage in similar (delinquent behavior)
Socialization
Delinquent peers socialize (model and reinforce) antisocial behavior resulting in a child exacerbating current behavior learning new antisocial behaviors
Deviancy Training
Learn delinquent behavior through talk of delinquent behavior
Peers laugh at (reinforce) delinquent behavior
Peers belittle and punish positive/normative behavior
Complex Model of both PR and PD
Problem behavior results in peer rejection
Rejected children affiliated with other rejected problem behavior children
Problem behavior children form a delinquent peer group
Delinquent peer group results in the exacerbation of problem behavior
Neighborhood
What is neighborhood?
Varies in size depending on the community
Defined by the people that live there
Community = the larger context in which the neighborhood is located
Neighborhoods and Communities are similar in their effect, but neighborhoods are more distinct for a particular individual and have more impact
Why Neighborhood? Affects: How safe one feels What see on a daily basis Diet Physical Activity Medical assistance, including mental health Parent’s and other family member’s behavior Neighborhood Issues Disadvantage/poverty
Disorganized
Lack of resources
Poor schools
Violence
Availability of drugs and weapons
