Peer influences

Question 1

Social learning theory

Answer 1

indirect/vicarious reinforcement by observing role models. Attention, Retention, Replication, Motivation. e.g. seeing a friend smoke and having social status boosted encourages you to smoke.

Question 2

bandura

Answer 2

Bobo dolls. when children watched alduts act aggressively with the doll, they replicated the behaviour. same when they treated it well. most influential was same sex role model

Question 3

who is a role model

Answer 3

more likely to imitate when RM is older, same sex, powerful/high status (popular), friendly

Question 4

peer pressure

Answer 4

direct or indirect. deliberate action where person/group encourages individual to engage in behaviour against their will

Question 5

how does vicarious reinforcement influence behaviour

Answer 5

motivated by consequences of role models actions. e.g. replicate if they’re rewarded, avoid if punished.

Question 6

perceived social norms

Answer 6

rules of behaviour that are considered acceptable within a particular group that you believe to be true.

Question 7

descriptive norms

Answer 7

perception of how you belive others behave. e.g. how much you think your friends drink

Question 8

injunctive norms

Answer 8

what you perceive to as being acceptable to others.

Question 9

Zou and Savani

Answer 9

the extent to which people think that their peers engage in a risky behaviour has a stronger influence on their own behaviour than whether they would recommend the behaviour to someone else. i.e. they follow their perceived norms of others behaviour.

Question 10

Perkins and Berkowitz

Answer 10

many students thought being intoxicated was ok in limited situations, many also thought peers believed it was more socially acceptable.

Question 11

novel research

Answer 11

survey showed that children as young as 11 are drinking, 5x more likely when their friends already do.

Question 12

cause and effect

Answer 12

peer influence or selection: friends influence behaviour, or choose friends based on common behaviours. most research is non-experimental. reserch suggests selection is stronger influence

Question 13

simplistic

Answer 13

not only social factors influence behaviour. family and neighbourhood, media. CDC - poor parental monitoring, abuse, parental substance use, familial rejection, attitudes.

Question 14

Fergusson and Horwood

Answer 14

peer attitudes to drug use predictive of adolescent drug use

Question 15

Simons-Morton and Farhat

Answer 15

39/40 prospective studies showed positive correlation between smoking and peer pressure. strong evidence for causality

Question 16

Smith

Answer 16

rats more likely to self administer cocaine if another rat had access to

Question 17

who’s at greatest risk

Answer 17

unemployed, low income, poor health, low life satisfaction, likely to have peers in similar situations