Pelvic Viscera

Question 1

what is micturition?

Answer 1

micturition is med term for urination

Question 2

• transitional epithelium of the bladder is very responsive to []

*what is the function of the detrusor muscle

Answer 2

transitional epithelium of the bladder is very responsive to stretch

• the detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder) function is to contract during urination to push the urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. The detrusor muscle will relax to allow the storage of urine in the urinary bladder

Question 3

how many opening does the urinary bladder have

Answer 3

a triangular area, called the trigone, formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder; 1 urethral opening + 2 ureteric openings

Question 4

what is the median umbilical ligament

Answer 4

median umbilical ligament (aka URACHUS) is a remnant of the allantois (part of amniotic sac), a canal that ran from the apex of the bladder to the umbilical cord in the developing fetus. Its function was to allow for the exchange of gases and removal of liquid waste (mum wld dispose of fetus urine)

so in a grown/birthed person its sealed off

Question 5

your rectum bladder and uterus is covered in parietal peritoneum so techincally its position is []

Answer 5

your rectum bladder and uterus is covered in parietal peritoneum so techincally its retroperitoneal/infraperitoneal/subperitoneal all means below/behind peritoneum

n.b. Retroperitoneal organs lie behind the posterior sheath of the peritoneum

Question 6

many ways to image the urogenital system

name 2 ways this can be done

Answer 6

• a cystography is an X-ray of the pelvis with contrast= a urinary catheter is inserted into bladder to release contrast dye to fill the space
• pyelogram/urogram shows complete excretory system= can be anterograde/retrograde, IV contrast dye to image calices, renal pelvis, ureters + urinary bladder

n.b. antegrade refers to moving or extending forward as opposed to retrograde which implies moving backward or opposite to the direction of flow (so retorgrade is when they put the contrast dye in through a catheter)

Question 7

what are the 3 (most common) types of urinary incontinence

Answer 7

• stress incontinence: due to increased abdominal pressure under stress {weak pelvic floor muscles} (common in pregnancy)
• urge incontinence: due to involuntary contraction of the bladder muscles (common in diabetes+ stroke)
• overflow incontinence; due to blockage of urethra (common in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cancer)

Question 8

how long is average male urethra compared to average female urethra

Answer 8

in males LONG urethra is 15-25cm
in females SHORT urethra is 3-4cm!

Question 9

what are the 3 regions of male urethra starting with closest to bladder and ending with tip of penis

Answer 9

the preprostatic (between the bladder and prostate), prostatic (located within the prostate), membranous (cuz it passes through peroneal membrane/the part contained within the perineal pouch), and spongy/penile/bulbous(located in the spongious body of the penis) parts.

Question 10

what space of the pelvis do you find external urethral sphincter

Answer 10

deep perineal pouch {is in the urogenital triangle} of the perineum below the pelvic diaphragm. It presents as a triangular, trilaminar space with sphincter urethrae [external urethral sphincter], deep transverse perineal, and compressor urethrae [in females]

Question 11

what nerve innervates external urethral sphincter

what nerve innervates internal urethral sphincter

Answer 11

• pudendal nerve (S2-S4) innervates the external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle) so innervated by SOMATIC nervous system
• innervates internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) so innervated by AUTONOMIC nervous sytem

Question 12

what is the thick muscular organ where fertilised eggs are implanted + state some features of this structure

Answer 12

uterus (female internal genitalia)
*thick walled muscular organ where fertilised egg is implanted
*highly vascular
* contracts during menstruation (shedding of innermost lining endometrium; stratum functionalis)
*expands into abdominal cavity to accomodate fetus

Question 13

what is endometriosis

Answer 13

presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus i.e. in fallopian tubes, ovaries, peritoneum, rectouterine pouc

affects 10% of women 15-25 yrs

-inflammation,scarring, presence of cysts
-fibrotic lesions
-idiopathic (disease of unknown cause)
-laparoscopy/biopsy diagnosis
-surgical + non-surgical interventions

Question 14

how are the ovaries tethered to the uterus

Answer 14

ovaries are tethered to the uterus via the ligament of the ovary

Question 15

what is the ovarian artery and vein a branch of

Answer 15

ovarian artery and vein (around L2/L3) are a branch of abodminal aorta

Question 15

is the ovary an endocrine or exocrine gland

Answer 15

the ovary is an endocrine AND exocrine gland

(so oocytes are exocrine secretions whereas the hormones ovary produces are endocrine secretions)

Question 16

testicle is divided into parts called lobules. Each lobule contains tiny U-shaped tubes called seminiferous tubules. Sperm is produced within the lobules (seminiferous tubules particularly) then the sperm are sent to the epididymis via the []

Answer 16

testicle is divided into parts called lobules. Each lobule contains tiny U-shaped tubes called seminiferous tubules. Sperm is produced within the lobules (seminiferous tubules particularly) then the sperm are sent to the epididymis via the efferent ductules

Question 17

function of ductus deferens

Answer 17

The ductus deferens/aka vas deferens functions to transport sperm from the cauda epididymis to the prostatic urethra

the ductus deferens deposits sperm into prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory duct

n.b. The epididymis is a duct-like organ that connects the testis to the vas deferens

Question 18

what is the function of the seminal vesicles

Answer 18

• produce fluid which makes up most of the components of semen
• fluids act in coagulation of semn, chromatin stability, and suppression of female immune activity
  *deposits fluids into the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory duct

Question 19

what is the function of prostate

Answer 19

-produces prostatic fluid which helps to nourish, protect, and improve the motility of spermatozoa
-glandular and fibromuscular
-sits at the base of the neck of the urinary bladder

Question 20

where does the external anal sphincter lie?

Answer 20

the external anal sphincter lies in the superficial perineal pouch

Question 21

within which erectile tissue would u find the male penile urethra

Answer 21

corpus spongiosum is where the male penile urethra is located

Question 22

the corpus cavernosum is supported by which muscle?

Answer 22

corpus cavernosum is supported by ischocavernosus

whereas corpus spongiosum is supported by bulbospongiosus muscle

Question 23

in the female pelvis, what does the bulbospongiosus muscle support

Answer 23

In females, bulbospongiosus contributes to vestibular bulbs as well as clitoral erection and the contractions of orgasm, and closes the vagina.