Penicillins

Question 1

First antibiotic came from..

Answer 1

A fungus, remember certain fungi can produce a substance which kills bacteria

Question 2

First drug

Answer 2

Penicillin, considered a magic bullet!

Question 3

What was the #1 COD pre-antibiotics?

Answer 3

infection lol

Question 4

Antibiotics classification in pharma

Answer 4

according to structure

Question 5

Antibiotics classification in bacteriology

Answer 5

According to target of action

Question 6

What are the essential components of a bacteria?

Answer 6

The components by which it is living

Question 7

Difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

Answer 7

“bacterial killing” vs “stops bacterial multiplication”

Question 8

Broad spectrum vs limited spectrum?

Answer 8

acts on gr+ve and negative, vs acts on one or the otjer

Question 9

synergistic vs antagonistic?

Answer 9

synergism = 2 antibiotics enhance each others' effects 
antagonism = 2 antibiotics have negative effects on each other

Question 10

how do beta lactans kill bacteria?

Answer 10

act on the cell wall by destroying the bonds holding it together

Question 11

Most popular example of a beta lactan?

Answer 11

Penicillin

Question 12

1st discovered penicillin?

Answer 12

Benzyl penicillin

Question 13

how does benzyl penicillin work?

Answer 13

• limited spectrum
• acts on outside of gr + ve peptidoglycan wall’s “peptidoglycan binding protein” by preventing cross linking (bc It can’t penetrate through LPS of gr- -ve)

Question 14

facts on benzyl penicillin

Answer 14

• injectable, every 6 hours
• limited spectrum (gr + ve)
• NOT to be taken orally, bc stomach Hcl would destroy it lol
• think: 6 Benzes can’t be swallowed

Question 15

What is the goal of all antibiotics?

Answer 15

To go to the site of infection and treat it

-nonetheless, they all go to the liver beforehand

Question 16

A penicillin unaffected by Hcl?

Answer 16

phenoxymethyl penicillin (think: Phenomonal benzy, bc he resists Hcl)

Question 17

A long acting penicillin?

Answer 17

Benzathione penicillin (remember Big Ben is the biggest clock in the world, lasts long I guess lol)

• lasts 2-4 weeks
• used for prevention/protection purposes

Question 18

first broad spectrum penicillin?

Answer 18

Amoxicillin!

Question 19

what eventually happened with amoxicillin?

Answer 19

Resistance occurred! Bacteria resisted it by producing an antibiotic killing enzyme (Beta lactamase / Penicillinase)

Question 20

non-resistant derivative unaffected by B-lactans?

Answer 20

Cloxacillin

Question 21

What synergies cloxacillin?

Answer 21

Amoxicillin

Question 22

When did resistance to methicillin occur?

Answer 22

sensitivity test led to resistance

Question 23

story of methicillin..

Answer 23

• Methicillin is cloxacillin used in lab for sensitivity tests
• But, now there’s methicillin resistant to staph aureus

Question 24

How did the resistance of s aureus to methicillin occur?

Answer 24

• The organism acquired genetic material from the bacteria, which codes for resistance to the antibiotic
• The S Aureus changed its protein so that the antibiotic can’t get a hold of it
• Now there’s, multi drug resistant staph aureus

Question 25

What is the alternative to methicillin?

Answer 25

Rather than making a drug which inhibits X-linking , there's an alternative made to destroy the peptide/glycoprotein bonds on the cell wall.. vancomyci!n

Question 26

What drug is given to MRSA patients?

Answer 26

Vancomycin

Question 27

What eventually happens to vancomycin?

Answer 27

It is deemed ineffective ,, because misuse of antibiotics leads to resistance

Question 28

What is the alternative to vancomycin?

Answer 28

Linezolid

Question 29

What are pseudomonas?

Answer 29

-Not very virulent, but opportunistic!! -Big Pharma created several penicillin derivatives to kill pseudomonas , such as tricarcillium and pipencillium "Tri to Pipe Pseu!"

Question 30

What are cephalosporins?

Answer 30

Another group of beta lactans

Question 31

What are the generations of cephalosporins?

Answer 31

1. Cephalixin 2. Cefuroxime 3. ceftriaxone, cefotaxme, cefazidone 4. cephalexin & cefuroxime 5. cefridime

Question 32

Cephalixin

Answer 32

- Big Pharma really flexed these - Broad - spectrum antibiotics - Action = stops/slows growth of antibiotics by preventing bacteria from forming a cell wall that surrounds the cell - Dose: every 6 hours

Question 33

How was Cephalixin upgraded?

Answer 33

With the creation of Gen 2 Cefuroxime, which was even more broad spectrum and didn't need as many doses?

Question 34

What is the action of Cefuroxime?

Answer 34

- Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis | - dose every 12 hours

Question 35

What was in the 3rd gen of cephalosporins?

Answer 35

- ceftriaxone, cefotaxme, cefazidone. most important one being cefazidone. - broad spectrum acting - not that useful for pseudomonas though - kind of a flop

Question 36

What was in the 4th gen of cephalosporins?

Answer 36

Cephalexin and cefuroxime | -taken orally, once daily

Question 37

What was in the 5th gen of cephalosporins?

Answer 37

Cefridime - oral, once daily - already resistant by the time it came to sudan

Question 38

What is carbapenum?

Answer 38

It acts against extended spectrum beta lactamse

Question 39

example of carbapenum?

Answer 39

meropenum

Question 40

facts on meropenum?

Answer 40

- acts agin broad spectrum beta lactamsases by acting on cell wall binding protein - expensive - administered every 8 hours for 5 days - sensitivity may develop

Question 41

what problem arises with meropenum?

Answer 41

there's now an enzyme that acts against it

Question 42

acinobacter

Answer 42

highly resistant bacteria found in icu walls, ventilators, etc

Question 43

monobacteum

Answer 43

gram negative acting only

Question 44

claculam, tazobactam, and salbactam

Answer 44

- strucure resembles beta lactams but not exactly used for dieases - rather, they complete for beta lactams with beta-lactamase

Question 45

discuss amoclan

Answer 45

- Amoxicil + clavulan - given to pt that has the b-lactamase enzyme - clavulan attaches to b-lactam, while amoxicillin kills the bacteria - clavulan allows amoxicillin to act on / kill bacteria

Question 46

*that's all for cell-wall acting antibiotics*

Answer 46

!