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Psychology GRE > People > Flashcards

People Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Carol Gilligan

A

Further divided post-conventional moral thinking (Kohlberg) into care-based (women) and justice based (men).

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2
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Researched parenting styles

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3
Q

Matina Horner

A

“Fear of success” in women

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4
Q

Eleanor Maccoby

A

Researched sex differences from a sociocultural view

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5
Q

Jenny Field

A

Researched semantics

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6
Q

Henry Landsberger

A

Discovered the Hawthorne effect: subjects alter their behavior when they are aware they are being studied

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7
Q

Hermann von Helmholtz

A

Optical physicist, famous for his theory of color vision

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8
Q

Martin Seligan

A

theory of learned helplessness, believed that cognitive training can help
positive psychology

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9
Q

Melanie Klein

A

pioneered objects-relation theory

humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form relationships.

therapist focuses on early life relationships

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10
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Pioneered attachment theory

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11
Q

Karen Horney

A

Posited that neurosis stems from anxiety in interpersonal relationships

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12
Q

Leon festinger

A

cognitive dissonace

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13
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

study about: intergroup conflict with limited resources
supports conformity

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14
Q

Alfred Alder

A

-individual psychology
-people motivated by feelings of inferiority
-inferiority complex
-4 type personality: ruling dominant, avoiding, socially useful, getting leaning

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15
Q

Karl von Frisch

A

Honey bee experiment

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16
Q

Walter cannon

A

coined the term flight or fight

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17
Q

John B Watson

A

American psychologist, founded behaviorism

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18
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

idea was “the law of effect” which was the precursor of operant conditioning

behavioral responses (R) that were most closely followed by a satisfactory result were most likely to become established patterns and to reoccur in response to the same stimulus (S).

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19
Q

List of behaviorists

A

Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike, Skinner

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20
Q

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt Kofla founded:

A

The school of gesalt psychology: in perception, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

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21
Q

Alfred Alder

A

-created individual psychology
-asserted that people were motivated by feelings of inferiority
-4 type personality theory: ruling-dominant, getting leaning, avoiding, socially useful

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22
Q

Carl Jung

A

-Broke from freud because of too much emphasis on the libido (sexual drive)
-Analytic psychology
-collective unconscious
-archetypes
-dream analysis

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23
Q

Clark Hull

A

performance= drive x habit
used math to explain motivation

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24
Q

Edward Tolman

A

purposive behavior
learning is acquired through meaningful behavior (sign learning)
experiments with rats in cages showed that they formed cognitive maps
Expectancy value theory of motivation:
-performance = expectation x value

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25
Konrad Lorenz
Founder of ethology (study of animals) Famous from work on imprinting
26
Carl Rogers
client centered therapy client terminology over patient receives unconditional positive regard humanistic therapy: focuses on the whole human being
27
Erik Erikson
8 stages of psychosocial development: trust v mistrust etc.
28
Aaron Beck
cognitive therapeutic techniques: problems arrive from maladaptive thinking (also wrote Beck depression inventory)
29
Melanie Klein
psychoanalysis of children (beginning with her own) founder of objects relations theory --> focus on interpersonal relationships, like mother and child.
30
Karen Horney
questioned freud esp penis envy and oedipus coplex thought that women's issues stemmed from sociocultural inequality developed her own theory of personality and neurosis based on nature of parent child relationship parent's ability and interest to create secure envi for the child
31
Kurt Lewin
-one of the founder's of social psychology -developed the field theory of behavior: behavior is a function of an individual's environment
32
Anna freud
founder of child psychoanalysis
33
Lev Vygotsky
researched focused on the importance of social interaction and in learning and development zone of proximal development scaffolding
34
Gordon Allport
-trait perspective of personality -cardinal, central, secondary -also researched prejudice and racism
35
Inez Beverly Prosser
1st African American psychologist research on self estem and person variables --> controversial finding that african american kids fare better in segregated environments
36
Donald Hebb
-founder of neuropsychology -what fires together wires together! -
37
Raymond Cattel
16 focused factors from Allports traits ---> further refined to OCEAN
38
Harry Harlow
Primate research: wire vs. terry cloth apes preferred terry cloth mom without food than wire mom with food
39
John Bowlby
-attachment theory -children will form an attachment to a primary caregiver by 12 months -
40
Rollo May
psychologist who introduced european existensial philosophical and psychological principles to American: anxiety part of the human experience, making meaning
41
Mary Ainsworth
strange situtation experiment operationalized Bolby's attachment theory 3 types of attachments: secure, ambivalent and avoidant
42
Kenneth Bancroft Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark
Doll studies for children's attitudes about race testified in Brown v board of eduction
43
Hans Eyesnck
personality traits ---> super factors Extraverted, Stable (Neuroticism) subdividing them into different personality types Emphasized genetic components/biological factors of personality
44
Elanor Maccoby
-gender development and sex differences -effects of divorce on children's development
45
David McClelland
need theory: 3 needs motivation in terms of a need for achievement, power or affiliation
46
Leon Festinger
social comparison theory cognitive dissonance
47
George A Miller
founder of cog psychology information processing model 7 +/- 2 for memory
48
Albert Bandura
People learn through modeling bobo doll experiment: violence in kinds
49
Walter Mischel
delayed gratification marshmallow test
50
Eleanor Gibson
visual cliff experiment: depth perception is innate
51
Carol Gilligan
feminist works women's development happens through relationship and care
52
Derald Wing Sue
multi-culturalism and cross cultural counseling researched microaggressions small verbal or behavioral ways in which racism and ethnocentrism are expressed daily
53
Martin Seligman
learned helplessness founder of positive psychology person's character strengths
54
Sandra Bem
gender studies Androgeny research Bem sex role inventory gender schema theory how gender identity is formed
55
Elizabeth Loftus
memory research fallibility of eyewitness testimony
56
David Buss
Evolutionary psychologist mating strategies in women and men how jealousy and other challenging experiences may be evolutionarily adaptive
57
Henry Landsberger
coined the Hawthorne effect people's performances change when they are being observed
58
Walter Dill Scott
psychology to advertising helping military to implement psychological testing to aid with personnel selection
59
Noam Chomsky
Lingust: Theory that normally developing children have an innate ability for language acquisition
60
John Dollard and Neal Miller
combined learning theory with ideas from psychoanalysis
61
David McClelland
Developed the need theory, which describes motivation in terms of a need for achievement, power or affiliation
62
George Miller
7 +/- 2 rule
63
Mary Main
Research on disorganized attachment
64
Herman Ebbinghaus
Used nonsensical sounds for memory studies
65
Erich Fromm
Need for freedom, Need for Belonging German sociologist, neo-Freudian psychoanalyst suggested a theory of personality based on two primary needs: the need for freedom and the need for belonging. He suggested that people develop certain personality styles or strategies in order to deal with the anxiety created by feelings of isolation.
66
Thomas and Chess
"easy" "difficult" and "slow to warm up" temperment styes
67
edwin guthrie
Behaviorist: coined "contiguity theory": pairing movement: specifies that “a combination of stimuli which has accompanied a movement will on its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement”. According to Guthrie, all learning was a consequence of association between a particular stimulus and response
68
Howard gardner:
theory of multiple intelligences increase emphasis on specific abilities, not g factor
69
Robert Sternberg
triarchic intelligence: creative, analytic and practical
70
Charles Spearman
proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s")
71
Elizabeth Jubler Ross
5 stages of coping with death denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
72
Francis galton
beilieved intelligence was inherited Twin studies eugenics ---> scientific racism!
73
wilhelm wundt
one of the father's of modern psychology experimental psychology

Psychology GRE (6 decks)

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