PEOPLE AND EARTHS ECOSYSTEM

Question 1

ENVIRONMENTAL MILESTONE

Answer 1

1962 Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring
1969 Friends of the Earth Established
1971 Greenpeace established
1975 Worldwatch Institute established
1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster

Question 2

Name for the new epoch of Earth’s history– an epoch when human activities have become so profound and persuasive that they rival or exceed the great forces of Nature in influencing the functioning of the Earth’s system.

Answer 2

ANTHROPOCENE

Question 3

STAGES OF ANTHROPOCENE

Answer 3

Stage 1: The Industrial Era
– lasted from 1800-1945
Stage 2: The Great Acceleration
– lasted from 1945-2015
Stage 3:
– Stage when people have become aware of the extent of the human impact and start stewardship of the Earth System

Question 4

IMPACT OF HUMANS ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
This equation was first proposed by two scientists named ________ in the early 1970s as a way to calculate the impact of humans on the environment.

Answer 4

Ehrlich and Holdren

Question 5

are unique tools makers.

Answer 5

Humans

Question 6

Termed to very early tools

Answer 6

Oldowan

Question 7

Stones, sticks and animal bones utilized as materials for weapons and implements

Answer 7

Stone Age

Question 8

wood for ladder, fire, pigment, drying of wood and digging sticks.

Answer 8

Palaeolithic Age

Question 9

termed Palaeolithic as “Palaeoxylic” or “Old Wood Age”

Answer 9

Tyldesley and Bahn

Question 10

Showed the efficiency of wooden hunting tools in comparison with ones made of stone.

Answer 10

Tyldesley and Bahn

Question 11

more complex shelters were in use

Answer 11

Upper Palaeolithic Age

Question 12

Humans have been foragers rather than farmers for around (how many %?) of their history but at the end of Pleistocene major changes were afoot.

Answer 12

95%

Question 13

Began to domesticate rather than to gather foods and plants and to keep, rather than just hunt animals. establishments of the first major settlements – town

Answer 13

HUMAN AS CULTIVATORS AND KEEPERS

Question 14

termed by Isaac as the single most important intervention man had made in his environment.

Answer 14

Domestication

Question 15

Regarded by Harris as the most fateful change in human intervention

Answer 15

The Transition from Foraging to Farming

Question 16

Termed by Diamond as the momentous change in Holocene human history

Answer 16

The Transition from Foraging to Farming

Question 17

claimed by Mithen as the defining event of human history; the one turning point that has resulted in modern humans having a quite different type of lifestyle and cognition to all other animals and past types of humans.

Answer 17

Origin of farming

Question 18

Involves deliberate sowing or other management, and entails plants which do not necessarily differ genetically from wild populations of the same specie

Answer 18

Cultivation

Question 19

results in genetic change brought about through conscious and unconscious human selection

Answer 19

Domestication

Question 20

Major Theory of Domestication

Answer 20

1. Demographic Hypothesis
2. Oasis Propinquity hypothesis
3. Feasting hypothesis

Question 21

Domestication was produced by crowding, possibly brought by a combination of climatic and deterioration and population growth.

Answer 21

1. Demographic Hypothesis

Question 22

By Gordon Childes, held that increasing desiccation brought wild animals and plants into ever closer relationship, which symbiosis and ultimately domestication emerged.

Answer 22

2. Oasis Propinquity hypothesis

Question 23

Based on the idea that in many societies, those wishing to achieve rank and status do so by throwing a feast. The adoption of cultivation and the husbanding of domestic animals made it possible for ambitious individuals to produce increasing amounts of food which would give them an advantage in social competition.

Answer 23

3. Feasting hypothesis

Question 24

Stages of Domestication of Plants

Answer 24

Gathering
Cultivation
Domestication

Question 25

Cereals, pulse and flax

Answer 25

Founder Crops

Question 26

Initially domesticated as a source of oil and earliest known domesticated fiber.

Answer 26

Flax (Linum Usitatissimum)

Question 27

first domesticated animal for hunting

Answer 27

Dog (Canis familiaris)

Question 28

people manipulated their immediate surroundings, different populations of wild animals would have been attracted to elements of human niche, including human waste or smaller animals that were also attracted to the refuse.

Answer 28

Commensal Pathway

Question 29

from wild prey to game management, to herd management, to direct breeding desires to increase the supply of the resource that have been diminished by hunting.

Answer 29

Prey Pathway

Question 30

only pathway that began with deliberate objective to domesticate a specie

Answer 30

Directed Pathway

Question 31

uses animal power

Answer 31

Irrigation and adoption or riverine agriculture

Question 32

Domestication first fully established in south-western Asia around 7500 BC

Answer 32

Hunting-Gathering and Early Agriculture

Question 33

Great irrigation-based economies lasting from 4000 BC to the first century. Technology developed to attempt to free civilizations from some of the constraints of a dry season.

Answer 33

Riverine Civilizations

Question 34

Technology was developed (terracing and selective breeding) to help overcome environmental barriers to increase production.

Answer 34

Agricultural Empires

Question 35

From 1800 AD to today, it formed an economic core area based on fossil fuel use. Societies have increasingly divorced themselves from the natural environment.

Answer 35

Atlantic-Industrial Era

Question 36

Emphasis on the Pacific Basin as the primary focus of the global economy.

Answer 36

The Pacific-Global Area

Question 37

- People began to gather into even-larger settlements (cities) and into more institutional social formations (states)

Answer 37

Modern Industrial and Urban Civilizations

Question 38

Certain Trends in Human Manipulation

Answer 38

Nuclear Bomb DDT, Lead, and Sulfates Massive dams

Question 39

-is an accounting tool for ecological resources in which various categories of human consumption are translated into areas of productive land required to provide resources and assimilate waste products. It is thus a measure of how sustainable the lifestyles of different population groups are.

Answer 39

Ecological footprint

Question 40

-or pollution bacterielle -Caused by bacteria living and developing in decaying and putrefying materials and stagnant water associated with settlements of growing size;

Answer 40

Pollution microbienne

Question 41

associated with small-scale craft industries such as tanneries, potteries and other workshops carrying out various rather disagreeable tasks, including soap manufacture, bone burning and glue-making;

Answer 41

Pollution artisanale

Question 42

involving large-scale and pervasive pollution over major centres of industrial activity, particularly from the early nineteenth century in areas like the Ruhr or the English ‘Black Country’;

Answer 42

Pollution industrielle

Question 43

in which whole regions are affected by pollution, as with the desiccation and subsequent salination of the Aral Sea area.

Answer 43

Pollution fondamentale

Question 44

in which vast quantities of chemicals are deliberately applied to the land as fertilizers and biocides;

Answer 44

Pollution foncière

Question 45

in which major accidents can cause pollution which is neither foreseen nor calculable (e.g. the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986).

Answer 45

Pollution accidentale

Question 46

2 Components of Global Environmental Change:

Answer 46

Systemic Global Change Cumulative Global Change