People, Urbanization and the Economy - demography questions Flashcards
(42 cards)
what is the trend of natural population change in the Global North ?
Declining population, low rate of natural increase of >1%
Total fertitlity rate in the Global North ?
1.7
What is the replacement level for Total Fertility Rate ?
2.1
Total Fertility rate in the Global South
4.5
What is the trend of natural population change in the Global South ?
Rapidly growing population, high rate of natural increase +2%
What was China’s population policy (1979 - 2015) and what was the purpose of it ?
One - child policy
aim was to reduce the growth of the population, it has been estimated that the population is 300 million people smaller because of the policy
What have the effects / challenges for the future as a consequence of Chinas One Child Policy
4,2,1 family structure
high dependency ratio, with a large aging population and a small working population.
large gender imbalance (more males) because families had sons to carry the family name (cultural value of males over females)
population polices encouraging higher birth rates
aim to increase population
incentives varied from economic, to reduced health care, increased maternity leave, access to public transport or housing ect. -> trying to reduce barriers that may deter people from having children
Example of a population policy to incentivise births
Taipei policy was to give families $30,000 for 3rd child
what are the key drivers of population growth ?
Technology advances and economic growth
what are the demographic characteristics of the Global North ?
rich/wealthy countries, low population growth/stabilization, falling birth rates, high but stable urbanization levels, ageing population
What are the demographic characteristics of the Global South
poor countries, high population growth, youthful population, social inequality, urban backlogs (slums)
what is the purpose of population pyramids ?
they reflect key demographic differences within populations
- gender differences and differences in size of age cohorts
the shape of the distribution indicates different demographic characteristics and challenges of the country
What is the typical population pyramid shape for the Global South and what does it tell us about the demographics of the country
Typical pyramid shape.
the wide base indicates a high birth rate and a youthful population
the narrow top indicates a high death rate
Example : Uganda 2004
What is the typical population pyramid shape for the Global North and what does it tell us about the demographics of the country
Rectangle shape.
Base and top having similar lengths indicating a low death rate and low birth rates (natural increase)
Example : Sweden 2004
what percentage of the global population lives in the Global North ?
25%
In 2021 Tokyos population declined for the first time. what are some causes of this ?
death rates exceeding birth rates
natural increase is below the replacement level of 2.1
population increase because of migration may have been lees becuase of pandemic
what is the trend in population change in countries in the Global North
static or declining population.
birth rate is below replacement level and reling on migration to make up population
The UN predicts that by 2050 1 in _ people worlwide will be 60 years or older
5
20% of people
what are the implication of having an ageing population ?
higher dependecy ratios -> economic consequencs of having more people reliant on pensions but less work force to collect taxes from
different needs from the health system and infastrucutre
what factors are attributing to the deciling death rates ?
better access to healthcare, better access to water and sanitation, greater food security.
imporved quality of life
what is a significant consequence of countries of the South economic growth not occuring parallel to population growth
the lag in economic growth resulted in countries of the south not having reasources to accommodate the increaseing population which will cause poverty & slum conditions
what are ways to address the issues associated with an ageing population
increaseing the retirement age
adding incentives to increase the birth rates -> more workers and youthful population
incentivising migrants who are of working age to work in the country -> increaseing tax revenue
(Round 2012)
Reasons for falling Birth rates (Round 2012)
development of pension systems -> parents no longer have to rely on their children for support
increased urbanization -> lack of space
Increased social and economic choices for women
avability of reliable contraception
cultural/social attitudes towards having large families changed
