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Perceiving Objects Flashcards

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1
Q

Large lesions of temporal love including amygdala produce this

A

Psychic Blindness

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2
Q

Gradient flow

A

closer objects seem to move faster than distant objects

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3
Q

Psychic blindness a syndrome that includes__, responding to visual objects inappropriately

A

Visual agnosia

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4
Q

The inability to recognize faces is called__
And results from damage to the __ area in the human cortex

A

Prospagnosia, fusiform facial

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5
Q

Studies using __ show that activity in this area is highest when __ are presented

A

FMRI, familir

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6
Q

Studies using __ show that cells in a nearby area respond best to __ faces.
(Kobe Bryant)

A

Electrophysiology, particular

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7
Q

Studies have shown that some cells in the __ area of the monkey cortex respond most strongly to __ stimuli, a feature that helps discriminate a figure from ground-Gestalt theory

A

V4, Concave

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8
Q

Fusiform face area

A

Small circle spots within Inferotemporal cortex.

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9
Q

Location

A

Cells in the V4 of the monkey cortex
-on the border between occipital and temporal lobes

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10
Q

Response

A

Either to convexity or concavity,
Features which help discriminate figure from ground according to Gestalt Psychology

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11
Q

Ventral pathway

A

Flows through V2 and eventually into the temporal lobe and is concerned with object identification and color pereception

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12
Q

Kluver bucy Syndrome

A

-removal of temporal lobe including the amygdala
-psychic blindness, responding to visual stimuli inappropriately, suggesting lack of recognition

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13
Q

Object Agnosia

A

-removal limited to the lower temporal lobe, sparing the amygdala
-failure on the object discrimination task

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14
Q

Results of the Harrison Ford experiment

A

High response for FFA= correct recognition
Second highest= seen a face but incorrectly identified it
Lowest response= not seeing a face
FFA shows a selective response to familiar faces rather than all faces, but may not discriminate among equally familiar faces

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15
Q

Results. Of the kobe bryant experiment

A

-gma cella exist in medial temporal lobe
-single cell recordings in the medial temporal lobe of epileptic patients being preped for electrolytic lesions yo prevent the spread of seizuress
-one cell responded to images of kobe bryant but not other people
-another cell responded to the image of the Golden Gate bridge but not the leaning tower of pisa
-consistent with monkey single cell evidence

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16
Q

Bottom up form perception

A

-features extracted from the environment by receptors
-combined into more complex representations by the brain and then
-recognized through memory
-reductionist approach to perception
-physiological methods
Primary-dorsal pathway-frontal cortex

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17
Q

Challenges to Bottom up Theory

A

Illusory contours:non existent edges perceived
Feature detectors can’t detect them
Other processes contribute to perception

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18
Q

Gestalt Theory/ Top-Down perception

A

Evidence for active form perception
1. Separate stimulus into figure and ground
2. Determine figure using group rules
(Continuation, proximity,similarity,common fate, symmetry, closure)

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19
Q

Different types of cones are stimulated by different__ in the ___ spectrum

A

Wavelengths, electromagnetic

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20
Q

According to __ theory, there are __ kinds of comes maximally sensitive to __ respectively.

A

Trichromatic, 3 , blue-green-red

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21
Q

The phenomenon of __ suggests that there are ___ types of color sensitive cells, each of which is influenced by __ pairs of colors, according to the ___ theory

A

Afterimages, 6, complimentary pairs, opponent processing theory

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22
Q

When light that stimulates cells of one type is turned off, cells of a different type are ___ resulting in the perception of a color that isn’t physically present

A

Excited

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23
Q

Properties of Light

A

-Visible light is part of electromagnetic spectrum
-some animals can see energy in other parts of the spectrum(dog/cat/bird)
-it travels in waves
-Blue light= short wave, Red light= long wave, white light= combination of all wave

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24
Q

Additive color mixing

A

Occurs when new colors are made by the combination of different colored lights
-examples are stage lighting, tv screen, computer
-absorbs light dont emit them
-mixing red blue green( because any color can be matched by mixing them)
-perceived light=mixed wavelength

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25
Subtractive Color Mixing
-what happens when mixing paint (blue and yellow) -mixing paints w/ different pigments -additional pigments=fewer wavelengths -Mixing blue and yellow leads to green
26
Color matching experiment
Observer adjusts the amount of three wavelengths in one field so it matches the test patch color of the single wavelength in the other field
27
Trichromatic theory of color vision
-3 types of color receptors with different spectral sensitivities -short wave=Blue(400nms) -medium wave=Green(500nms) -long wave=Red(675nms)
28
Psychophysical basis of the trichromatic theory
-Issue:Determining # of color receptors without physiological tools -since people with normal vision need only 3 wavelengths to match all wavelengths in the spectrum -color vision depends on 3 different receptor mechanism
29
Physiological Trichromatic Evidence
-color perception is based on the response of the 3 different types of cones -3 different absorption spectra -combinations of the responses across all 3 cone types lead to perception of all colors
30
Psychophysical basis of the opponent processing theory
-people who are color blind to red are aslo color blind to green -people who are color blind to yellow are also color blind to blue
31
Opponent processing theory
-after image: a visual image in the complementary colors of the original image -complementary colors produced gray when mixed together -Opponent theory: cells make antagonistic responses to pairs of complementary colors (yellow-blue, red-green, black-white) Cones follow trichromatic theory, cells higher up in the system follow the opponent processing theory
32
Theories that explain mechanism of retina
Trichromatic theory explains the responses of the cones in the retina
33
Theory that explains mechanism of cells connected to cones
Opponent process theory explains neural response for cells connected to the comes further in the brain
34
Theory that explain after images
Opponent disinihibition
35
Some info about depth or distance can be detected by using only one eye. These include ___ cues which allow us yo perceive three dimensions on surfaces with __ dimensons
Pictorial cues, two
36
Among such cues are __ which causes us yo see objects which cover other objects as __ to us.
Occlusion, closer
37
In addition, objects appear to be relatively far away if they are __ in our field of view.
Higher
38
Other types of monocular depth cues include __ which causes objects that are closer to us to move ___ than those that are father away
Motion parallax, faster
39
Finally ___ cues which depend in eye muscle feelings include ___ when the eyes turn in, the closer an object is and __ during which our lens muscles tighten to fixate objects that are close to us
Oculomotor cues, convergence, accomodation
40
Cue Approach to Depth Perception
Our visual systems create the 3D world using our 2D retina Image shows the equivalence of size of objects @ different distances from the retina. Everything along this cone projects the same size image onto a flat retina Visual system must then determine relative size and distance
41
Convergence
Eye muscles turn eyes in the closer the object is to eyes the greater convergence
42
Accommodation
Lens muscles tighten to curve lens for close fixation
43
Oculomotor Cue Summary
-Convergence -Accommodation -Muscle sensations provide distance cues -Convergence Sensations> Accommodation( C contributes more than A but A is important in an environment that depends upon reading for communication)
44
Why is depth perception important
Stops us from falling or bumping into things.
45
Monocular Distance Cues
-Familiar Size -Persoective convergence -texture gradient -atmospheric persepctive -occlusion -relative height -light and shadow
46
Familiar Size
-similar objects that are larger seem closer together than those that are smaller (
47
Texture gradient
Increasing fineness of texture as distance increases enhances the perception of depth
48
Atmospheric Perspective
Pictures of fog and a mountain (mountains become less sharp with increasing distance, because they are more particles in the atmosphere between the observer and them)
49
Retinal Explanation of Motion Parallax
As you move, objects closer to you appear to move faster, whereas objects father away appear to move slower. This is because the closer objects move a greater amount on your retinae from time 1 to Time 2 than do the more distant onjects
50
Motion Parallax
Objects that are closer to us move across the retinal more rapidly and in the opposite direction from us. Objects that are father away move more slowly across the retina and in the same same direction as we do
51
Deletion and Accretion
Objects are covered or uncovered as we move relative to them -covering an object is deletion -uncovering an object is accretion (Moving across the room diff students are accreted and deleted from sight)
52
Movement produced distant cues
Motion parallax Deletion and accretion
53
Visual illusions based on failed distance curs
Ponzo illuson Muller-lyee illusion -when distance cues are unexpected, we see illusions
54
Distance illusion summary
Ponzo illusion violates linear persoective Muller violates 3 dimensional distance rule
55
Focus of expansion
the point in an optic flow display from which perceived motion arises (global optic flow)
56
Global Optic Flow
-if the entire array moves, then the observer is moving -objects get bigger as they approach us (global optic flow)
57
explanation of global optic flow
if you are moving, the background moves around you. As we move in one direction, objects appear to get bigger as they approach us. -this being a cue for depth it also indicates motion -close objects move more quickly than objects in the distance(length of arrows) -the horizon is the point at the gradient of flow comes to zero
58
Neural Explanations of Motion Perception
-retinal information -the corollary discharge model -brain mechanisms
59
Retinal information for Motion Perception
Reichardt circuits -results in neurons that fire to motion in one direction -movement in one direction:excitation -movement in other direction:inhibition -detect motion when the eye is stationary
60
Smooth pursuit eye movements
used of tract objects that are moving in the environment -following a tennis ball
61
Saccades
jumpy eye movements used to read books and prevent adaption , bleaching of stimulated spots on the retina 3 saccades per second- when not engaged in smooth pursuit plan these and do not perceive while we are making them -reading a book
62
The Corollary Discharge Model
-movement is not perceived when a comparator in the brain receives -a movement signal from the retina and a movement signal from the eye muscles (motor signal)
63
The Lateral Interparietal Area and Saccade Planning
-Monkey is trained to move eyes to an area -after a target has disappeared -cells in the LIP fire just before the move is made -May be involved in corollary discharge --site of comparator is somewhere in the brain, but we don't know where
64
Motion Perception and the Brain
-non human primate evidence:medial temporal cortex and motion coherence -Human evidence: the superior temporal sulcus and biological motion perception
65
Medial temporal area
MT aka V5 is anterior in the occipital lobe, located just above the temporal lobe. The map also shows motion-sensitive areas in the parietal lobe.
66
Motion Coherence experiment
-coherence of movement of dot patterns was varied -monkeys were taught to judge direction of dot movement during MT neuron recording -As coherence of dot movement increased -so did the MT neuron firing and -the judgement of movement accuracy
67
Biological motion study
Participants viewed point light stimuli for activities -Task was to determine whether motion was biological or scrambled noise was added to dots so they could only achieve 71% accuracy transcranial magnetic stimulation applied to STS caused a decrease in ability to detect biological motion
68
Functions of Motion Perception
-interacting with the environment(crossing street) -Attracting attention(attracting mates/ waving) -perceiving objects(distinguish figure from background)
69
Interacting w/ the environment
Akinetopsia: blindness to motion (found in a women with a stroke in the superior temporal lobe) -couldn't fill a glass with water or gauge how quickly a car was coming towards
70
Attracting Attention
-predators use movement of prey as primary means of location in hunting -Attentions Capture:motion attracts attention to the moving object -freezing:lack of motion seen in many secies to avoid predation -mating displays:movement designed to attract a mate
71
Perceiving Objects
-movement of objects or the observers movement through objects (biological motion and point walker display)
72
Types of Motion Perception
-real motion: an object is phsycially moving -illusory motion: -apparent movement:stationary stimuli are presented in slightly different locations (basis of movement in movies and tv)
73
Psychological explantions of real movement perception
-J.J Gibsons ecological approach -affordance -global optic flow
74
JJ Gibsons ecological approach
-how motion is perceived in everyday life -perception is determined by function, not just visual characteristics -goal of motion perception is ot help guide our own action
75
Affordance
-info in the visual world that specifies how objects can be used -functions rives perception -applies to both moving and stationary objects that affect our actions example: a laser pointer affords play for a kitten
76
what are the ways in which movement perception is crucial for survival in most species?
Motion aids object identification, aids interaction with the environment
77
what is motion coherence? what non human primate study provides a possible physiological basis for perception of it?
Displays of dots moving in same directions=motion coherence, monkey were taught to judge direction of dot movement by pushing on lever to get food. WHen motion coherence detected, neurons from parietal lobe fired.
78
According to the corollary discharge theory what mechanism prevents us from perceiving that the world moves when we move our eyes?
Comparator neuron compares a motor command from the eye with a change in the visual field
79
What is the optic array?How does it allow us to distinguish our own movements from environmental movement?
Optic array is a change in the visual world resulting from you moving environment. Allows us distinguish because everything moving means we are moving creating this perception
80
What is biological motion? what is a possible physiological basis for it?
- a light point experiment, perceived bodily movement from looking at lights. - disrupted by adding noise and magnetic stimulation caused disruption of the superior temporal interferes w the perception of biological motion
81
When. sound waves reach the __membrane at the end of the auditory canal, it __ as a resultt.
tympanic, vibrates
82
The frequency of this activity ultimately determines which __ cells on the __ membrane of the __ in the inner ear are maximally stimulated.
hair, basilar, cochlea.
83
Maximum stimulation for low tones occur at the __ and those for higher tones @ the __ of the membrane respectively.
Apex, base
84
When damage to the __ cells causes sensorineural deafness,electrodes in cochlear implants can bypass these cells and stimulate the __ directly
hair, auditory nerve
85
Speech production is best in deaf children given these implants __ the age of years
before
86
What is the physical difference between pure tones and most of the sounds we hear?
Human beings don't produce true tones pure tones are sounds that have single frequency and in the shape of sound-wave. Most sounds we make do not have single frequencies waves and not in the shape of sound=complex sounds
87
Why are sound amplitudes specified in decibels rather than sound wave heights?
Used to compact a wide range of amplitudes into a mathematically useful scale, easier to manipulate and measure.
88
How does the audibility curve explain why you lose bass notes first when you turn down the volume on your stereo?
Lower bass notes frequency has higher absolute threshold than higher note frequencies curve plot frequencies vs decibels necessary to detect them
89
What is health reason for avoiding parties with loud music?
Can permanently damage which kills hair cells

Psych 321 (1 decks)

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