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PSYU1102 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

define perception

A

also psychophysics
- the relationship between physical stimuli and their subjective or psychological correlates
- there is no other way for information to enter the brain - senses and your perception of them is the only way
- determines what we believe is real and mediates everything we have ever learned

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2
Q

what are the senses?

A

Sight (visual)
Hearing (auditory)
Smell (olfactory)
Taste (gustatory)
Touch (tactile / haptic)
Balance (equilibrioception)
Body awareness (proprioception)
Heat (thermoception)

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3
Q

Classification system of the senses

A

Vision
Audition
The chemical senses (gustation, olfaction)
The body senses
- somatosensation (haptics + proprioception)
- equilibrioception

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4
Q

Neuropsychology

A
  • Apperceptive / associative agnosia: study of people with lesions in their brain - testing them on various tasks and finding patterns of what they can’t do
  • phantom limbs/pain
  • rubber hand illusion
  • alien hand syndrome
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5
Q

Clinical psychology

A

Eating disorders: body dysmorphia - people systematically misperceive their own body shape

Inability to recognise facial emotion in psychopaths, depressives, autistics, schizophrenics

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6
Q

Forensic psychology

A

Eye witness testimony - many errors

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7
Q

Illusions of spatial vision

A

Hermann grit: seeing grey patches

Craik-O’brien/Cornsweet illusion (simultaneous contrast)

illusions of depth

thatcher illusion

illusions of motion

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8
Q

Sensation vs perception

A

artificial distinction

more sensible to think of the whole sequence of events from conversion of the external energy by the receptors (transduction) to understanding what is seen/heard/felt as the process of perception

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9
Q

psychophysics

A

the scientific study of the subjective experience of perception

i.e. perceiving not the real world but your subjective impression of it

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10
Q

Sensory systems

A

Vision - occipital
Hearing - temporal lobe

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11
Q

Touch (somatosensation)

A
  • layers of skin have many different receptors
  • these receptors convey information about touch, temperature and ‘pain’
  • when the skin is deformed, it causes changes in the neurons which send their electrical signals towards your brain
  • receptors convert pressure into neural signals (touch), conver heat energy into neural signals (temperature) but none for ‘pain’ because that’s psychological
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12
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

at the top of the brain (behind the motor cortex)
organised in a way that matches up to the motor cortex
larger regions in the cortex devoted to areas that are experiencing lots of touch / stimulus

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13
Q

taste (gustation)

A

mostly in your tongue
collected in clumps called taste buds located on small projections on the tongue called papillae
respond to chemicals dissolved in saliva

different tastes:
- salt, sweet, sour, bitter, umami

traditionally thought of tongue maps, but this is wrong

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14
Q

smell *olfaction

A
  • only dissolved chemicals in the mucus in the nose can activate the smell receptors
  • certain smell receptors respond to particular chemicals
  • at least 7 primary smell receptors
  • odours activate receptors in the olfactory epithelium (top of nasal cavity)
  • these receptors synapse directly onto the olfactory bulb
  • bypasses the thalamus - going straight to the cortex
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15
Q

balance (equilibrioception)

A
  • vestibular system provides us with information about accelerations, orientation
  • in the inner ear on each side (next to the cochlea) - two components = semicircular canals, utricle and saccule
  • semicircular canals: provide information about angular (rotational) accerlerations in 3 dimensions (pitch, yaw, roll)
  • utricle and saccule: provide info about linear accelerations (including gravity) –> the hair cells project into a thick fluid which remains stationary as our head moves, causing hair cells to bend
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16
Q

Body sense (proprioception)

A
  • receptors in our muscles and joints
  • completely unaware of this input
  • seamlessly integrated with vestibular input
17
Q

what is sound

A

the stimulus for hearing is sound
- pressure wave in air
- these vary in amplitude (up and down - intensity of the sound) and frequency (pitch)

18
Q

structure of the ear

A
  • inner ear does most of the hearing
  • pinna –> auditory canal –> tympanic membrane vibrates–> the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) move the basilar membrane up and down inside the cochlea –> causes hair cells to fire electrical signals which get sent through the auditory nerve to the thalamus
  • amount of basilar membrane movement codes amplitude (perceived as loudness)
  • place of maximum movement codes frequency (pitch)
19
Q

low vs high freq sounds

A

low freq: maximum basilar membrane displacement at the end FURTHEST from the stapes
high freq: closest to the stapes

20
Q

auditory localisation

A
  • interaural time difference (reaching right ear before left ear)
  • interaural intensity differences (louder in the right than the left)
    -modifications to the sound wave caused by the pinnae which enables monaural localisation
  • the ‘cone of confusion’
21
Q

cone of confusion

A

changes to the sound wave made by the pinnae help us decide between the possibilities in the cone of confusion, as well as head movements

22
Q

types of hearing loss

A

conductive deafness: caused by an impediment ot the transmission of the soudn wave to the basilar membrane

sensorineural deafness caused by damage to some part of the neural apparatus of hearing

23
Q

parts of hte eye

A
  • lens is useful for focusing light from various distances (accomodation)
  • retina has many nerve cells
  • optic nerve is where all of the signals and electric impulses exit your eyeball
24
Q

visual pathways

A
  • optic nerve to the thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)
  • signals are relayed on by optic radiations and terminate in the primary visual cortex in the occipital area
  • information from the right side of space is processed in the left hemisphere and vice versa - as a result of the optic chiasm
25
Q

visual processing (retina and receptors)

A

retina is a network of neurons covering the back of the eye
light has to pass through a lot of neurons before it reaches the receptors
light activates the receptors - when light shines on photopigment, chemical changes inside the cell occur, resulting in a nerve impulse
ganglion cells: are the last ones inside your eye that receive those signals
- axons from those cell which all clump together ot the optic neve
- rods are very sensitive - work better in low light levels
- cones are nowhere near as sensitive

26
Q

photoreceptor distribution

A
  • cones: density is in the fovea
  • rods: no rods in the fovea
27
Q

blindspot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

28
Q

sensitivity vs resolution

A

rods are more sensitive than cones (more neural convergence - ie. many rods to one ganglion cell) compared to cones which have less neural convergence
cones have high resolution

29
Q

Ganglion cell receptive fields

A

On centre: excited by light falling on the central region and inhibited by light falling on the surround

centre surroudn antagonism:
- excitation: stimulate the central area –> rapid firing –. when light is turned off there will be spontaneous activity
- inhibition: stimulate surroudn area –> spontaneous firing –> when light goes on there will be no firing –> light goes off and there is a bit of rebound to spontaneous firing
- net effect: spontaneous activity

see this in hermann grid

30
Q

absorption

A

the wavelength of light reaching our eye from an object is determined by the properties of the surface - the ones that are reflected by the surface end up going to your eyeball to be transduced

31
Q

trichromatic theory

A
  • 3 different sorts of receptors
    Blue cone: short wavelength sensitive cone
    Green cone: medium wavelength sensitive
    Red cone: long wavelength

PSYU1102 (7 decks)

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