perception Flashcards

Question

FFA - fusiform face area

Answer 1

responds to faces more than other objects (associated with prosopagnosia) works along the ventral stream

Answer 2

responds preferentially to places, such as pictures of houses

Answer 3

specifically involved in the perception of body parts

Answer 4

emotional response

Answer 5

spared ability in identifying the face (e.g. their mother) but a remaining belief that it is not their mother because they have not expressed a connective emotional response- they believe they are seeing an imposter if the mother talks to them, the patient could believe it is truly her but not just by seeing a picture (due to different process systems and damage)

Answer 6

have distinct visual processing process left visual field on the right hemisphere and vice versa if remove the tectum, no visual processing takes place on the left visual field and frog would have no response to left visual information

Answer 7

the 'where system', binocular information (how far away are things) needed for visual control of movement (Milner and Goodale, 1995) egocentric - things around us are processed in a way that is useful for us to act on unconscious- we are not ware of the processes taking place

Answer 8

the 'what' system identification of objects and events allocentric - not based upon where you are but the area around you conscious - we are aware of what we are doing, identifying etc

Answer 9

comes from comparisons between people with damage and without damage

Answer 10

occurs when dorsal stream is damaged difficulty moving towards targets and coordinating movements to pick things up difficulty in pointing without delay (immediately) - results from lesions to posterior - superior parietal cortex no difficulty in identifying visual system

Answer 11

occurs when ventral stream is damaged incapable or / reduced processing of facial, object, shape, size recognition incapable of copying pictures or recognising own drawing capable of drawing from memory

Answer 12

had damage to ventral system - negotiates obstacles during locomotion - poorly estimates height of obstacles (verbal response - cannot say how tall something is, but able to notice that a door is too short to walk through) - highly proficient at grasping - appropriate hand orientation and grip aperture (wideness to open hand when picking something up) - motor output intact but verbal response affected

Answer 13

recognition requires a verbal response (judging distance, size etc.) action requires motor response (point, reach, pick up)

Answer 14

pictures of dots in which the left has one big dot and little dots surrounding and the right has a the same size dot but bigger dots surrounding Aglioti et al., 1995 - verbal response was more influenced by the perceptual illusion than the motor response ventral - the perceptual system is fooled by the size of the dots around the centre dot dorsal - unaffected by illusion because it can use a motor response of measuring the dots with hands to see they are the same size

Answer 15

studying situations where it makes mistakes

Answer 16

shows the gaps in our perception showing a grey square in between two pictures which are slightly but noticeably different masks the changes in the picture and so we fail to notice the differences when we look to detect something is based on what we have stored in our memory about the environment interpretation of the visual field is sparser than the subjective experience of 'seeing' suggests we cannot process everything projected onto the retina (130 million photo receptors on each eye)

Answer 17

william james (1980) - the taking of possession by the mind out of several possible objects / trains of thought

Answer 18

external - attending to stimuli in the world internal - attending to one line of thought over another or selecting one response over another overt - directing a sense organ towards a stimulus, like pointing eyes or turning head covert - attending to without giving and outward sign you are doing so divided - splitting attention between two different stimuli sustained - constantly monitoring some stimulus

Answer 19

selection of some visual stimulus or set of visual stimuli at the expense of others for visual and cognitive analysis and often for control of behaviour

Answer 20

if you consider this from a change blindness perspective, object seems more likely when you are viewing something on a screen, more fixations focus on the centre and/or the thing you want to get more information on if we attended to space, the changes in examples of the change blindness test would have been noticed sooner

Answer 21

attention is like a spotlight which moves around and allows us to selectively attend to parts of the visual world in the spotlight model, attention is directed towards space - a space-based model of attention Posner (1980) suggested that enhanced processing/detection occurs within the spotlight the theory that we can move our attention around to focus on various parts of visual field

Answer 22

examined the effects of visually pre-cueing regions of space on detecting the presence of a potential target - wanted to know if causing a shift of attention to a specific location in space would improve the processing of subsequent stimulus this is examining of covert attention shifts

Answer 23

feature search - target defined by the presence of a single feature (like a unique colour) conjunction search - target defined by the conjunction (co-occurrence) of 2 or more features (colour and orientation) spatial conjunction search - the target and distractors contain the same basic features

Answer 24

look at the average increase in reaction time for each item added to the display measured in terms of slope of the search of ms/item the more ms/item (larger slope), the less efficient the visual search is some searches are efficient and have small slopes some searches are inefficient and have large slopes it is faster to find a target than to determine there is no target to be found

Answer 25

the challenge of tying different attributes to visual stimuli, which are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so we can perceive a unified object

Answer 26

object based Tresiman's theory of visual attention, which holds that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel pre-attentively but that other properties, including the correct binding of features of objects, require attention

Answer 27

the processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

Answer 28

an erroneous (incorrect) combination of 2 features in a visual scene

Answer 29

that some features are represented independently and must be correctly bound together with attention

Answer 30

we can process information to some extent even when our eyes are not directly focused on it - like looking out the corner of your eye such strategies are of limited relevance during purposeful action, such as making a cup of tea or crossing a road (Land, 2009)

Answer 31

viewing pictures of scenes is different from acting within scenes - we move our eyes to help us see better - place the image or object of interest in the part of the retina with the highest acuity (fovea) and keep the image in the eye stationary despite movement of the object or one's head top-down process aim is to find something in an image

Answer 32

cognitive abilities to predict ball actions (dropping speed, landing point) differ due to experiences our eye movements cannot keep up with the ball as it is too fast of continuous smooth pursuit so eye movement must be predictive - novices try to follow the ball longer than experts do and make later decisions about the landing point - novice answers always have more variability in their decision - experts tend to fixate on the bounce point earlier than novices do

Answer 33

if a round trip from the eye to brain to muscles takes a minimum of 200 ms and a cricket ball only takes 600 ms, then we must predict to avoid encountering sensory delays

Answer 34

photoreceptors -> ganglion cells -> LGN -> primary visual cortex -> other cortical areas -> midbrain -> brain stem -> muscles

Answer 35

organisms adapt to their natural environment - experimental stimuli must be sampled from the organism's natural environment as this tells us about the binding problem

Answer 36

the advocation of the studying of behaviour under realistic conditions - originally applied to the study of animal behaviour (studying animals in the wild vs in the zoo)

Answer 37

1. the processes that subserve (involved in) cognition are invariant and regular across conditions - when making perceptual judgements, a failure to understand the processes that take place for 1 task but not take place in a very similar but different take is similar conditions 2. situational variability can be reduced, or eliminated, without affecting the nature of the process being measured - changing the nature of the task involve like providing information that would not typically be involved in regular conditions, is not realistic

Answer 38

2d limited resolution size of the display is not reflective of real world, especially if it is on a monitor unnatural responses constrained head movement

Answer 39

investigated the gaze behaviour of goalkeepers during a video simulation of a penalty kick - incorrectly concluded that the behaviours observed were invariant and therefore, representative of real-world behaviour

Answer 40

recreated Savelsbergh's 2005 study of goal keepers' gaze behaviour but included a real-world condition - observed similar behaviour in the simulation condition that Savelsbergh did - simulated condition created an artificially high percentage of fixation towards the legs of penalty takers whereas, in the real world, goalkeepers focused almost exclusively on the ball