Perception

Question 1

multisensory illusion

Answer 1

change in auditory perception from visual input

• top down processing
• McGurk

Question 2

Information compression

Answer 2

millions of photoreceptors, 100x fewer ganglion cells, optic nerve, brain

-what we see is not all there is

Question 3

Fovea

Answer 3

small area ont he central part of visual field

-where most cones are

Question 4

Contralaterality

Answer 4

• Each eye’s optic nerve transmits info to both hemispheres
• L visual field of both eyes transmitted to the right hemisphere
• opposite on the other side

Question 5

Primary Visual Cortex

Answer 5

• within occipital lobe

- detects size, color, light, motion, dementions

Question 6

Visual Association Areas

Answer 6

• w/i occipital lobe

- interprets and understands visual info, assigns meaning to input

Question 7

Ventral Pathway

Answer 7

• “WHAT” pathway
• occipital to temporal lobes
• shape, size, visual details

Question 8

Dorsal Pathway

Answer 8

• “WHERE” pathway

- Occipital to Parietal Lobes

Question 9

Blindsight

Answer 9

• damage to primary visual cortex
• patients report no awareness of stimuli in damages area
• can answer questions about things they “didn’t see”
• they perceive something w/o knowing it

Question 10

subliminal priming

Answer 10

test the effect of stimuli presented w/o conscious awareness

-stimuli below the threshold of awareness

Question 11

backwards masking

Answer 11

• present target stimulus
• mask that target with another stimuli
• the masking reduces visibility,
• target info is unavailable to conscious report, but can still influence processing

Question 12

change blindness

Answer 12

• not all of perceptual environment reaches our awareness

- interaction between attention and perception

Question 13

3 examples of the fact that we do not perceive all the information in our environment

Answer 13

Ponzo Illusion

• World is lit from above illusion
• Ebbinghaus illusion

Question 14

Steps of Early Visual System

Answer 14

1) Light enters eye and is focused onto the retina
2) Photoreceptors in retina convert light to electrical activity
3) electrical signal sent to bipolar then ganglion cells
4) signal exits the eye thru optic nerve

Question 15

Visual Agnosia

Answer 15

Dissociation between being able to see visual features and interpreting those features
-location of damage decides what features are not recognized

Question 16

Prosopagnosia

Answer 16

• visual agnosia
• inability to recognize faces
• damage to fusiform gyrus
• acquired or congenital

Question 17

Apperceptive Visual Agnosia

Answer 17

-failure to recognize objects, because of perception problems

Question 18

Associative Visual Agnosia

Answer 18

• inability to associate visual forms w/ intended meaning

- cannot name objects, draw objects from memory or match object to function

Question 19

What we can learn from visual illusions

Answer 19

• top down processing involved in vision
• info lost moving from eye to brain
• bring schemas of understanding to perception

Question 20

texture gradients

Answer 20

the density of a gradient carries info about orientation and distance

Question 21

topological breakages

Answer 21

• where two textures intersect

- signals edges between objects

Question 22

scatter reflection

Answer 22

how widely light scatters off an objects surface

-cues to the relative roughness of surfaces

Question 23

affordances

Answer 23

• Gibson
• We perceive objects in terms of the functions that can performed with them
• ball affords bouncing

Question 24

Template matching theory

Answer 24

match pattern seen to templates of previous objects

• match leads to identification
• how do we match objects that DONT match the template

Question 25

Prototype Theory

Answer 25

compare the seen configuration with a standard configuration | -if close enough, identify object

Question 26

Multiple Trace Memory Model

Answer 26

- a probe (seeing an object) activates secondary memory traces - activated memory returns an echo to primary memory (containing general impression of objects)

Question 27

Feature detection theory

Answer 27

-Pandemonium model: feature demons, cognitive demons, decision demons

Question 28

Hintzman

Answer 28

multiple trace memory model of object recognition

Question 29

Selfridge

Answer 29

Pandemonium model

Question 30

Recognition by component

Answer 30

- combination of feature theory and prototype theory | - all objects reducible to combination of some 36 geons

Question 31

Top down processing

Answer 31

- color recognition (the dress) - letters in context (able to read sentences when jumbled) - GESTALT

Question 32

Gestalt Approach

Answer 32

-the perceived whole is greater than the part

Question 33

Organizing Gestalt Principles

Answer 33

1) Experience 2) Proximity 3) Closed Forms 4) Good Contour 5) Similarity 6) Common Movement

Question 34

principle of experience

Answer 34

figure ground segmentation- we know something is in foreground something is in background

Question 35

principle of proximity

Answer 35

things that are close together are judged as belonging together

Question 36

principle of closed forms

Answer 36

we see shapes in terms of closed forms, enclosed wholes

Question 37

principle of good contour

Answer 37

perceive objects as continuous when expected to continue

Question 38

principle of similarity

Answer 38

organize objects based on similarity