perception - paper one

Question 1

define ‘perception’

Answer 1

how we interpret sensory information that we receive

Question 2

define ‘sensation’

Answer 2

the information we receive through our senses

Question 3

what is a monocular depth cue?

Answer 3

a way of detecting depth or distance, which will work with just one eye

Question 4

what is a binocular depth cue?

Answer 4

a way of detecting depth or distance, which will work with both eyes

Question 5

name all four monocular depth cues

Answer 5

height in plane
occlusion
relative size
linear perspective

Question 6

name both of the binocular depth cues

Answer 6

convergence
retinal disparity

Question 7

what is convergence?

Answer 7

when the brain detects the difference in how eye muscles are working to judge distance

Question 8

what is retinal disparity?

Answer 8

when the brain compares the images from both eyes to judge distance

Question 9

what is occlusion?

Answer 9

when one object seems to cover part of another object

Question 10

what is linear perspective?

Answer 10

when straight lines are angled so that they would come together at a point on the horizon

Question 11

what is height in plane?

Answer 11

how high the object appears in the image

Question 12

what is relative size?

Answer 12

how large an object appears In an image

Question 13

what is motion parallax?

Answer 13

the way the visual field changes with movement. with close objects seeming to move more than objects that are further away

Question 14

what does Gibson’s direct theory of perception suggest?

Answer 14

that we perceive simply by using the information we receive through our senses

Question 15

what does Gregory’s constructivist theory of perception suggest?

Answer 15

that our past knowledge and experience is the most important thing when we are making sense of things around us

Question 16

name the four factors which affect our perception

Answer 16

emotion
motivation
culture
expectation

Question 17

name the four reasons we can interpret information incorrectly

Answer 17

fiction
ambiguity
size constancy
misinterpreted depth cues

Question 18

what is fiction

Answer 18

creating something that isn’t really there, to complete an image

Question 19

what is ambiguity

Answer 19

when an image could equally well be one thing or another

Question 20

what is size constancy

Answer 20

keeping our original perception of the size of an object, even when the information received by the eye changes

Question 21

what are misinterpreted depth cues?

Answer 21

wrongly applying the rules of depth perception

Question 22

define ‘culture’

Answer 22

a group of people who share similar customs, beliefs and behaviour

Question 23

define ‘expectation’

Answer 23

the beliefs we have about what we are going to experience

Question 24

define ‘ emotion’

Answer 24

the moods or feelings that a person experiences

Question 25

define 'motivation'

Answer 25

the drives and needs that cause a person to act in a particular way

Question 26

can you explain the role of motion parallax in perception?

Answer 26

motion parallax is the way the visual field changes with movement

Question 27

explain what is meant by perceptual set

Answer 27

is a state of readiness for the information we receive from the environment around us

Question 28

can you describes Gregory's theory of perception

Question 29

can you give two positive evaluation points for Gregory

Question 30

can you give a negative evaluation point for Gregory

Question 31

can you describe Gibsons theory of perception

Answer 31

* Perceptual abilities are innate and do not have to be learnt through experience. * We perceive things by using sensory information. * We have enough information to understand the world around us by just using sensory information. * Visual information such as light, texture and detail helps us to make judgements about distance, movement and depth. * Motion parallax is a monocular depth cue which helps us understand movement. Things closer to us appear to move faster than things further away. * Gibson’s reference to affordances is his way of explaining why inferences are not needed in perception. * It is a bottom-up theory

Question 32

can you give two positive evaluation points for Gibson

Answer 32

1. Gibson developed his theory using evidence collected in real life settings such as using pilots rather than through laboratory experiments. This increases the validity of his theory 2. There is research evidence to support the idea that depth perception is innate. Gibson and Walk found that infants have abilities for perceiving depth even at a very young age. This supports the idea that perception may be due to nature

Question 33

can you give a negative evaluation point for Gibson

Answer 33

1. Gibson’s theory cannot explain why perception is sometimes inaccurate, for example when our brain is tricked by visual illusions

Question 34

can you explain how inferences are used to construct a model of reality? - Gregory

Question 35

What is the aim for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Answer 35

to investigate how expectations can direct perception

Question 36

What is the study design for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Answer 36

lab study

Question 37

What is the method for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Question 38

What are the results for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Answer 38

most of the participants drew an open figure, like 13 and when they were expecting a number to come up. They drew a closed figure like the letter B when they were expecting a letter

Question 39

What is the conclusion for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Answer 39

the researchers concluded that the participants expectations had directly affected how they interpreted the stimulus figure

Question 40

What are the positive evolution points for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Answer 40

. the study was carefully controlled and counterbalanced, so it could be replicated and this increases the reliability of the findings

Question 41

What are the negative evolution points for Bruner and Minturn's Perceptual Set Study, 1955

Answer 41

. the participants were all volunteers so their behavior might not have been representative as they were keen to take part. they also might have guessed the purpose of the study which affects the results . this study lacked ecological validity because the task was not very similar to perception in real life

Question 42

What is the aim for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Answer 42

to investigate how motivation effects perception

Question 43

What is the study design for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Answer 43

lab study

Question 44

What is the method for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Question 45

What are the results for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Answer 45

the control group showed little difference in their memory of the brightness of the pictures as time went on. However, as the experimental group became hungrier they judged the pictures to be brighter

Question 46

What is the conclusion for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Answer 46

hunger can affect the way that we perceive images of food, which suggests that motivation affects perception

Question 47

What are the negative evaluation points for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Answer 47

. There were not many participants and they were all students of a similar age, so it is difficult to apply these results to other types people . The pps. were volunteers so their behavior may not have been representative as they were keen to take part in the study. this affects the results

Question 48

What are the positive evaluation points for Gilchrist and Nesberg's Need and Perceptual change study, 1952

Answer 48

the study had ecological validity because the participants were very hungry

Question 49

how does motivation affect perception?

Question 50

how do emotions affect perception?

Question 51

how does expectation affect perception?

Question 52

how does culture affect perception?