Perception & Thinking, Problem-Solving, Judgements, and Decision Making

Question 1

Is when we focus our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus and ignore other stimuli.

Answer 1

Selective Attention

Question 2

Where we attend to one voice among many. (If you’re having dinner in a crowded restaurant you can have conversations with your party even with the chatter around you)

Answer 2

Cocktail Party Effect

Question 3

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Answer 3

Inattentional Blindness

Question 4

This form of inattentional Blindness is when we are distracted we may fail to notice change.

Answer 4

Change Blindness

Question 5

Group nearby figures together.

Answer 5

Proximity

Question 6

Group similar figures together.

Answer 6

Similarity

Question 7

We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

Answer 7

Closure

Question 8

Good for judging distance of nearby objects

Answer 8

Binocular Cues

Question 9

The brain compares these two images and the difference between them is

Answer 9

Retinal Disparity

Question 10

A neuromuscular cue caused by the eyes’ greater inward turn when they view a nearby object.

Answer 10

Convergence

Question 11

We depend on these for viewing objects at greater distances.

Answer 11

Monocular Cues

Question 12

If one object blocks our view of another, we perceive it closer

Answer 12

Interposition

Question 13

Assuming 2 objects are similar in size, we perceive the one casting the smaller retinal image as farther away.

Answer 13

Relative Size

Question 14

We perceive hazy objects as farther away than clear sharp objects.

Answer 14

Relative Clarity

Question 15

A gradual change from a coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture signals increasing distance.

Answer 15

Texture Gradient

Question 16

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.

Answer 16

Linear Perspective

Question 17

Figure ground relationship

Answer 17

Form perception

Question 18

Even though 2-D images fall on our retinas; we somehow organize 3-D perceptions.

Answer 18

Depth Perception

Question 19

Tells us that the ability to perceive depth is partly innate (born with) and the other part is experience.

Answer 19

Visual Cliff Experiment

Question 20

Our brain computes motion based partly on its assumption that shrinking objects are retreating (not getting smaller) and enlarging objects are approaching.

Answer 20

Motion Perception

Question 21

Creates the illusion of movement by blinking 2 stationary lights adjacent lights on and off in quick succession.

Answer 21

Phi Phenomenon

Question 22

Enables us to perceive an object as unchanging even though the stimuli we receive from it changes.

Answer 22

Perceptual Constancy

Question 23

We perceive the form of familiar objects as constant even while the retinal images of them change.

Answer 23

Shape Constancy

Question 24

Allows us to perceive objects as retaining their size even while our distance from them varies.

Answer 24

Size Constancy

Question 25

We perceive an object as having a constant color regardless of changes in lighting.

Answer 25

Color Constancy

Question 26

The effects of visual experience during infancy in cats, monkeys, and humans suggest there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

Answer 26

Perceptual Interpretation

Question 27

In vision, refers to the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field (goggles)

Answer 27

Perceptual Adaptation

Question 28

Interaction of nature and nurture

Answer 28

Plasticity

Question 29

MENTAL Predisposition greatly influence what we perceive

Answer 29

Perceptual Set

Question 30

LOCATION

Answer 30

Context Effects

Question 31

Focuses on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information.

Answer 31

Cognition

Question 32

(beyond cognition) allows us to asses our understanding and performance.

Answer 32

Metacognition

Question 33

Sets of ideas/mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people

Answer 33

Concepts

Question 34

synonymous to concepts/mental groupings/ mental categories/ mental classifications/ mental constructs, etc.

Answer 34

sChemas

Question 35

The most typical/best examples of something.

Answer 35

Prototypes

Question 36

Taking in new information but not changing the schema in light of it.

Answer 36

Assimilation

Question 37

Taking in new information and adjusting/changing the schema to incorporate new information.

Answer 37

Accommodation

Question 38

The high-level cognitive abilities that collectively allow us to solve problems and make decisions effectively.

Answer 38

Executive Functions

Question 39

If at first you don't succeed; try and try again. *Fingers Crossed*

Answer 39

Trial and Error

Question 40

A step by step process that guarantees a solution but is often time consuming and best suited for complicated problems.

Answer 40

Algorithms

Question 41

Allows us to make quick judgements using rule of thumb strategies.

Answer 41

Heuristics

Question 42

When decisions are made according to prior expectations or stereotypes.

Answer 42

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 43

Recalling the first or most vivid example that comes to mind. Often driven by media.

Answer 43

Availability Heuristic

Question 44

A major obstacle to problem solving because we tend to search only for evidence that supports our ideas, while ignoring evidence that contradicts our beliefs.

Answer 44

Confirmation Bias

Question 45

The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.

Answer 45

Fixation

Question 46

A type of fixation that makes us repeat solutions that have worked in the past.

Answer 46

Mental Set

Question 47

Type of fixation that keeps us from perceiving objects as serving more than one purpose.

Answer 47

Functional Fixedness

Question 48

Judging a situation based on personal experiences and/or extensive media coverage that readily comes to mind.

Answer 48

Availability Heuristics

Question 49

Refers to the way we "present" on issue; paint the picture per say, and can have an effect on making decisions.

Answer 49

Framing Effect

Question 50

Occurs when we make illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs.

Answer 50

Belief Bias

Question 51

Refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted.

Answer 51

Belief Perseverance

Question 52

When a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy or course of action because they have invested heavily in it.

Answer 52

Sunk-cost fallacy

Question 53

The mistake assumption that a specific outcome is more likely to occur based on past outcomes.

Answer 53

Gambler's Fallacy

Question 54

Pointed towards one solution

Answer 54

Convergent Thinking

Question 55

Pointed towards multiple possible solutions.

Answer 55

Divergent Thinking