Perceptual Development

Question 1

Preference Technique

Answer 1

*showed infants 2 diff stimuli and if they looked at one longer than another, it expressed knowledge of difference and preference

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

• present baby with stimulus over and over until no longer interest and then present with novel stimulus
• if baby interested again, it can tell difference bw the 2 stimuli

Question 3

Operant Conditioning

Answer 3

• train baby to make a response to some sort of stimulus

* offer reward every time they do proper response

Question 4

Vision

Answer 4

• deferentially developed - doesn’t have to see in womb

* develops to extent of forming emotional attachment to parent and nothing more

Question 5

Hearing

Answer 5

• partially developed as they can hear rumbling

* hear sounds in environment but don’t have to know what it is

Question 6

Taste

Answer 6

• most developed as they can taste amniotic fluid

* survival value- can tell diff bw bitter and sweet

Question 7

Visual Acuity

Answer 7

• 20/300 at birth, 20/120 at 1 month, 20/60 at 4 months, 20/30 at 8 months, 20/20 at 2 yrs
• tracking- watching moving object; not that good at birth but develops rapidly

Question 8

Auditory Acuity

Answer 8

*can hear everything expect very high frequency (not developed prenatally, takes longer to develop)

Question 9

Locating sounds

Answer 9

• avoid unwanted objects if we can hear where they are
• infants need ~27 degrees from mid line to differentiate which direction sound is from
• 6 months need ~12 degrees
• 18 months are adult-like with 4 degrees

Question 10

Steiner

Answer 10

*proved that babies can tell difference bw 4 basic tastes- sweet, sour, salty, bitter

Question 11

Kinetic Cues

2 months

Answer 11

• optical expansion

* motion parallax

Question 12

Binocular cues (4 months)

Answer 12

• Retinal disparity

* convergence

Question 13

Pictoral Cues (7-8 months)

Answer 13

• parallel lines
• interposition
• relative size

Question 14

Visual Cliff

Answer 14

*tested with babies old enough to crawl

Question 15

Face Preference

Answer 15

• babies prefer faces over other complex stimuli

* preferred proper faces over scrambled

Question 16

Johnson Face Preference

Answer 16

• preference for proper face would lead to more head rotation
• heads rotated more when looking at proper face>scrambled>blobs

Question 17

Walton Specific Faces

Answer 17

*babies preferred mom’s face over very similar looking mom

Question 18

Langlois Specific Faces

Answer 18

• babies prefer attractive faces over unattractive faces
• att/att- same amount time looking
• unatt/unatt- same amount time looking
• att/unatt - more time looking at att face over unatt.

Question 19

Social Cues

Answer 19

• babies can perceive social cues - know what facial expressions mean, prefer human faces over dolls, gaze following
• visual cliff- babies unsure about crossing look to moms face to read social cues/emotion to see if OK to cross