Period 1 and period 2

Question 1

deism

Answer 1

the belief that god created the universe but doesn’t interfere in the lives of people. important bc it’s a compromise between christianity and atheism

Question 2

de-christianization

Answer 2

the efforts made during the French Revolution to create a secular government, to pass anti-church laws, and to eliminate christian holidays and symbols. This was important because it represented a key development in the secularisation that would stretch across Europe in the years to follow

Question 3

jacobin republic

Answer 3

radical republicans during the french revolution from 1793 to 1794, led by Robespierre. important bc they introduced radical ideas to the revolution and made the revolution very violent (executions, reign of terror)

Question 4

louis XIV

Answer 4

a french absolutist ruler who believed in the divine right of kings, built Versailles, and revoked the Edict of Nantes. important bc he put france in debt which would eventually lead to the french rev.

Question 5

toussaint l’overture

Answer 5

Haitian slave who used french revolution ideas to spark the Haitian revolution. important bc he was the key member in achieving haiti’s freedom from france

Question 6

peter the great

Answer 6

russian tsar who moved the capital of russia from moscow to st. petersburg. important bc he introduced a backwards country to western ideas and technologies

Question 7

reign of terror

Answer 7

period from 1793-1794 which robespierre’s committee of public safety tried and executed thousands of Parisians suspected of treason. important bc it marked yet another turning point in the revolution where everyone was always in constant fear for their life

Question 8

glorious revolution

Answer 8

James II was a Catholic ruler in a dominantly Protestant england so the parliament called on his daughter Mary and her husband, William the prince of orange, to rule in England. important because led to the English Bill of Rights and Dutch ideas being introduced to England

Question 9

absolute monarchy

Answer 9

form of gov. where the monarch exercises complete authority over gov/state. important bc the people had no say and during/after the enlightenment, people started to rebel

Question 10

voltaire

Answer 10

french enlightenment thinker who thought enlightened despots were the best rulers. important bc he believed in the separation of church and state as well as his freedom as a citizen

Question 11

locke

Answer 11

an enlightenment thinker who believed that when born, humans minds are a blank slate or “tabula rasa”. important bc he made central contributions to the development of liberalism and influenced the American Revolution

Question 12

salons

Answer 12

informal gatherings, usually sponsored by middle class or aristocratic women. important bc they provided a forum for new ideas and gave intellectual life a place to grow

Question 13

adam smith

Answer 13

scottish physiocrat who rejected mercantilism and endorsed the concept of “laissez-faire” economics or “an invisible hand”. important bc he was the first person to reject the very popular mercantilist gov.

Question 14

divine right

Answer 14

the belief that the kind derived his right to rule directly from the will of God. important bc the belief justified a kings reason to rule and boosted their narcissism and sense of authority

Question 15

enlightened absolutism

Answer 15

political theory that monarchs should have all the power but use that power to help their people. important bc when a ruler had this mindset, his/her citizens had improved life’s

Question 16

napoleon

Answer 16

French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. important bc he created the napoleonic code which gave post-revolutionary France its first set of laws concerning property, colonial affairs, the family, and individual rights

Question 17

colbert

Answer 17

the controller of finance during louis XIV’s reign. important bc he was a huge fan of mercantilism and only allowed exports from France

Question 18

95 Theses

Answer 18

Martin Luther wrote this argument to fight the sale of indulgences. important bc it brought to light for the people how wrong indulgences and the catholic church were

Question 19

columbian exchange

Answer 19

it was the export and import of raw materials and finished products between europe and the americas. important bc it led to the introduction of deadly diseases to the native america population which nearly wiped them out

Question 20

peace of westphalia

Answer 20

two doctrines that ended the thirty years’ war. important bc it accelerated the decline of the holy roman empire

Question 21

thirty years’ war

Answer 21

a war between catholics and protestants that started when protestants rebelled against king ferdinand. important bc it was the last major religious war in europe

Question 22

“The Prince” Machiavelli

Answer 22

A book written by Machiavelli which contained a secular method of ruling a country. important bc it stresses the idea to rulers that “the end justifies the means”

Question 23

renaissance

Answer 23

a period of great cultural change and achievement that began in Italy and was experienced by aristocrats. important bc it lead to the weakening of the authority of the church which would lead to the protestant reformation

Question 24

edict of nantes 1598

Answer 24

Henry IV of France granted religious toleration to huguenots. important bc it ended the french wars of religion

Question 25

printing press

Answer 25

a device made by Gutenberg in 1440. important bc it made propaganda possible and allowed the rapid spread of Protestant revolution ideas

Question 26

Elizabeth I of england

Answer 26

she a politique who was the last of the tudor dynasty and said “video et taceo” (“I see but say nothing”).important bc she defeated Spains great fleet of ships in the spanish armada and granted religious toleration

Question 27

martin luther

Answer 27

he wrote the 95 theses and founded lutheranism. important bc he brought the churches illegitimacy to light to the people

Question 28

galileo

Answer 28

an italian who provided more evidence for the heliocentrism theory. important bc his work provided evidence that the bible was wrong about the heavens

Question 29

newton

Answer 29

scientist who developed the laws of movement in bodies on earth and built his theories on the findings of Galileo, Kepler, and Copernicus. important bc he discovered the law of universal gravitation which is still believed today

Question 30

new monarchies

Answer 30

new monarchs who consolidated power and relied on classicism. important bc they limited noble power and reinforced religious unity

Question 31

balance of power

Answer 31

the distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong. important bc it insures that peace regarding power will be kept

Question 32

patronage of the arts

Answer 32

in the renaissance when wealthy italians would provide support to artists. important bc it helped to further the development of the renaissance

Question 33

mercantilism

Answer 33

the idea that a nations success depends on its raw materials, use of tariffs, and exporting more than importing. important bc the rise of mercantilism marked a shift from an agricultural economy, to an economy based on trade and production of consumer goods

Question 34

henry VIII

Answer 34

king of england that was a new monarch and married/divorced many women in the quest for a male heir. important bc he cut out the pope and tried to become the head of the religious church by starting the Church of England

Question 35

council of trent

Answer 35

a group of catholic cardinals who met together to reform and make a new framework for the catholic church. important bc it was a major turning point in the efforts of the catholic church in response to the protestant reformation

Question 36

erasmus

Answer 36

dutch humanist who wrote the praise of folly. important bc he started christian humanism

Question 37

john calvin

Answer 37

french pastor who started calvinism during the protestant revolution. important bc he started the idea of predestination

Question 38

holy roman empire

Answer 38

a loose federation of mostly german states and principalities. important bc it held the diet of worms which decided martin luthers fate

Question 39

price revolution

Answer 39

the great increase of price and inflation beginning in spain as a result of the influx of gold and silver from the new world. important bc the spanish monarchy nearly collapsed bc of bankruptcy

Question 40

northern renaissance

Answer 40

when humanists in the north were influenced by the renaissance and stressed biblical and early christian themes. important bc they advocated social reforms

Question 41

rene descartes

Answer 41

French philosopher dubbed “the father of modern western philosophy”. important bc he used deductive reasoning and led to the creation of the scientific method

Question 42

jesuits

Answer 42

teachers, missionaries, and agents of the papacy with the aim to help souls. important bc they held high gov positions and exercised great political influence

Question 43

putting-out system

Answer 43

when a merchant loaned raw materials to several cottage workers, who processed those materials and gave the finished product back to the merchant. important bc with these systems people could produce many types of goods and the merchants could increase their capital

Question 44

humanists

Answer 44

people mostly during the renaissance who turned away from medieval ideas and instead revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought, individualism, and secularism. important bc their ideas shaped the renaissance and the aristocrats learned from humanist ideas

Question 45

Louis XIV’s wars

Answer 45

in pursuit of title of conquerer, louis kept france at war for 33 years which included the 9 years’ war and the war of spanish succession. important bc in put France in debt but placed france as the dominant country in europe

Question 46

secularism

Answer 46

a belief system that says religion should not be a part of the affairs of the state. important bc it increased the weakening of superstitions and organized religion

Question 47

baroque

Answer 47

the baroque art style used drama, motion, and religion to provoke emotion in people. important bc art in the baroque style spoke to Europeans in their hard times and agitation

Question 48

harvey

Answer 48

English physician who is considered the father of modern physiology. important bc he was the first person to figure out that blood is pumped through the body by the heart which proved Galen wrong

Question 49

subsistence agriculture

Answer 49

when families had crops growing on their land that was only to be eaten by them. important bc it was the main way that people grew their food at the time

Question 50

religious toleration

Answer 50

when monarchs allowed their citizens to practice whatever religion they pleased. important bc it made the people happy, less likely to rebel against the monarch, and support the monarch more