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AP World > Period 1 Vocab 1200-1450 > Flashcards

Period 1 Vocab 1200-1450 Flashcards

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1
Q

Feudalism

A

European social, economic, and political system of the Middle Ages

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2
Q

Nobles

A

in exchange for military services and loyalty to the king were granted power over sections of the kingdom.

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3
Q

Vassals

A

lords split their land into smaller sects between them, had control and could divide further

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4
Q

fiefs, later known as manors

A

estates that were granted to vassals

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5
Q

Three-Field System

A

rotation of 3 fields to allw the land to replenish before using it again, maximizing yields, invented during the Middle Ages Europe

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6
Q

code of Chivalry

A

an honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect. Lords and Knights had to follow

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7
Q

primogeniture

A

when a lord died, his land and title was passed down to his eldest son (women could inherit but not rule)

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8
Q

serfs

A

peasants (middle ages europe)

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9
Q

song dynasty

A

960-1279, bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam (build on Confucian ideals), experienced economic expansion due to technological advancements such as the magnetic compass, gunpowder, shipbuilding, and the printing press, which allowed the creation of paper money, facilitating trade. ended 1279 with the defeat at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

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10
Q

filial piety

A

core concept of confucianism, about respecting elders and parents, bringing honor to ones family

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11
Q

advancements of Dar-Al Islam

A

trigonometry (Nasir Al-Din Tusi), libraries (Baghdad House of Wisdom (FELL in 1958 with Abbasid Caliphate) housed scholars who translated Greek knowlege to Arabic, advancing medicines, knowledge of the solar system,

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12
Q

Abbasid Caliphate

A

750-1258, significant for its role in the Islamic Golden Age, a period of immense cultural, scientific, and economic flourishing. They shifted the capital to Baghdad, transforming it into a major center of learning and trade, and facilitated the spread of knowledge and innovations across the Afro-Asian world. Declined by 1258 due to internal challenges of ruling such a vast empire and invasions of Seljuk Turks and later the Mongols

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13
Q

Turkic Groups emerging after fall of Abbasid Caliphate

A

aka islamic mystics, emphasized a more idealistic and personal relationship with god, and spread Islam across Europe and Asia throughout the post-classical period. also facilitated trade routes

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14
Q

Delhi Sultanate

A

South/Southeast Asian Islamic state,

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15
Q

vijayanagara empire

A

southern india hindu state

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16
Q

srivijaya

A

southeast asian buddhist state

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17
Q

Bhakti Movement

A

more spiritual version of hinduism to rival buddhism

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18
Q

The Incas key ideas

A

Located in the Andes Mountains, had a labor system called the Mita or Turn System, and the Incan Road (in the mountains)

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19
Q

African trade routes

A

traded islam, salt, and gold in sub-saharan africa

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19
Q

The Aztecs

A

chinapa farming system and human sacrifice

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20
Q

Mali

A

dominated sub-saharan Africa 1226-1670, famous for Mansa Musa and his hajj to Mecca and also known for its capital, Timbuktu, which was a major trade and intellectual center during this period.

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21
Q

East African Christian kingdoms

A

Great Zimbabwe and the Kingdom of Aksum, or Ethiopia.

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22
Q

The Swahili Coast

A
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23
Q

Theravada Buddhism

A

meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self

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24
Mahayana Buddhism
great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread
25
Decline of Islamic Caliphates
Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, new Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and most importantly Mongols, Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258. Ottoman Turks would later reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918
26
Mamluks
Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East
27
three-field system
3 fields for fall, spring, and empty one to replenish nutrients
28
Hundred Years' War
(1337-1453): unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal
29
Spain (1200-1450)
Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition
30
Russia (1200-1450)
taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar - Ivan the Terrible became a ruthless ruler utilizing secret police in 1500s
31
neo-confucianism
Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors
32
Ming Dynasty
(1368-1644): after brief period of Mongol dominance Religion: influenced by Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and especially Buddhism in two of its forms
33
Hausa Kingdoms
off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms Islam region, achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano Political and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars
34
Hanseatic League
(1358): trade alliance though northern Europe to drive toward nationhood, increase social mobility and flexibility
35
scholasticism in European Middle Ages
growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion
36
Crusades
(11-14th century): military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning, combat Heresies: religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine
37
Heresies
religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine
38
Bhakti movement
a Hindu devotional movement that emphasized personal love and devotion to a chosen deity, often Krishna, Vishnu, or Rama
39
Sufis
mystical Islamic practitioners who emphasize a direct, experiential connection with God through various spiritual practices and beliefs
40
muslims
the adherents of Islam, a major world religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad
41
Abbasid Dynasty
the third major Islamic caliphate, succeeding the Umayyad Dynasty in 750 CE. Known for the Islamic Golden Age, they established Baghdad as their capital, fostering cultural, scientific, and economic growth.
42
Baghdad
capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, center for trade and learning, home to the House of Wisdom
43
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
Persian polymath, renowned for his contributions to astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy. Represents the flourishment of Islamic knowledge and learning
44
Mamluks
a powerful military caste composed of slave soldiers who served in various Muslim states, particularly Egypt and Syria
45
Mongols
a Central Asian group of nomadic pastoralists who united under Genghis Khan in the 12th century and created the largest contiguous land empire in history
46
Ottoman Turks
a Turkic ethnic group who migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the Ottoman Empire
47
Middle Ages
the period in European history roughly spanning from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the Renaissance in the 15th century. This era is characterized by the decline of Roman civilization, the rise of feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the development of distinct European cultures.
48
feudalism
a decentralized political and economic system, particularly prominent in medieval Europe, where nobles, known as lords, granted land, called fiefs, to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty. Peasants, who were the primary labor force on these lands, received protection in return for their labor and dues.
49
nobles
lords of land in feudalism
50
vassals
a person who receives land (a fief) from a lord in exchange for loyalty, military service, and other duties within the feudal system (subordinate lords)
51
peasants
commoners who work the land (feudalism) during the middle ages
52
fiefs
a piece of land owned by nobles or vassals (feudalism)
53
manors
a large, self-sufficient estate in medieval Europe, typically controlled by a lord
54
three-field system
a rotational farming practice that divided agricultural land into three sections, each with a different purpose. Increased crop yields and mitigated soil depletion
55
code of chivalry
A moral, social and religious code that was originally created to teach knights how to behave during Medieval times
56
primogeniture
a system of inheritance where the firstborn child, typically the oldest son, inherits the family estate, title, or wealth
57
serfs
a peasant bound to the land and obligated to work for a lord, often in exchange for protection and the right to cultivate a small portion of the land
58
interregnum
a period of discontinuity or "gap" in a government, organization, or social order, particularly between the reign of one ruler and the next
59
magna carta
a landmark document guaranteeing English political libertie. protected the rights of free men
60
King Hugh Capet
ruler of France, established the Carolingian Dynasty which ruled for centuries. He focused on consolidating his power and the royal domain, laying the foundation for a more centralized monarchy.
61
Bourbons
dynasties in both France and Spain, each ruling as an absolute monarchy that led to the French Revolution and the Penninsula War (Spain)
62
Hundred Years' War
between France and England from the 14th to 15th centuries, significantly impacted the transition from medieval to early modern Europe, fostering nationalism, changing warfare, and influencing political structures in both nations
63
Queen Isabella
unification of Spain, the completion of the Reconquista, the support of Christopher Columbus's voyages, and the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition. She married King Ferdinand of Aragon, uniting their kingdoms and laying the foundation for the Spanish state
64
Spainish Inquisition
a series of institutions within the Catholic Church aimed at combating heresy and maintaining religious orthodoxy
65
Tatars
turkic ethnic group primarily located in Russia before being absorbed by the Mongol Empire
66
czar/tsar
the ruler of Russia, specifically the autocratic monarchs who governed the Russian Empire from 1547 until the 1917 Russian Revolution
67
Ivan the Terrible
the first Tsar of Russia, ruling from 1533 to 1584. He is significant for consolidating Russian power, expanding the Russian Empire, and establishing a centralized government. His reign was marked by both significant accomplishments and brutal repression.
68
Ming Dynasty
Ruled China from 1368 to 1644 Known for restoring traditional Chinese culture and a centralized government, the Ming also faced internal challenges like peasant revolts and external threats, ultimately leading to their overthrow by the Manchu
69
foot binding
practice in China in which young girls would be forced to bind their feet to prevent growth, keeping their feet small, which caused deformities and in many cases prevented walking. beauty standard displaying wealth
70
shogun
the supreme military and political leader of Japan who held real power while the emperor remained a figurehead
71
daimyo
powerful feudal lords in Japan who controlled vast landholdings and ruled over various regions
72
code of bushido
a samurai code of ethics and behavior that emphasized duty, loyalty, and honor, particularly to one's lord
73
delhi sultanate
a series of five Muslim dynasties that ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent for over 300 years (roughly 1206-1526)
74
Rajput Kingdoms
resisted muslim kingodms, prominent in northwestern and central India from the 7th to 15th centuries, characterized by their warrior traditions, independent rule, and distinctive cultural practices
75
Khmer Empire
northern Cambodia, flourished from 802 to 1431, marking a significant period in Southeast Asian history. The empire, also known as Kambuja, was known for its massive temple complexes, including Angkor Wat, and its advanced irrigation systems. Syncretism between hindu and buddhism
76
angor wat
largest religious monument in the world, was built in the early 12th century by King Suryavarman II as a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu. located in Cambodia
77
hausa
a group of interconnected city-states in present-day northern Nigeria, prominent from the 14th to the early 20th century. lack of centralized government and prominent in trans-saharan trade
78
tenochtitlan
capital of aztec empire, Founded in 1325, it grew to become a major center of civilization, politics, religion, and commerce in the pre-Columbian Americas
79
Temple of the Sun
the main religious center of the Inca civilization, located in their capital city of Cuzco
80

AP World (9 decks)

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