Period 2: 1450-1750 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What is humanism?
A
A cultural and intellectual movement that emphasized the study of classical texts and human potential.
2
Q
Who were the Medici?
A
A powerful banking family that played a significant role in the political and cultural life of Florence.
3
Q
Who is Michelangelo?
A
A renowned Renaissance artist known for his sculptures, paintings, and architecture.
4
Q
What is Brunelleschi known for?
A
He is known for developing linear perspective and designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral.
5
Q
Who was Leonardo da Vinci?
A
A polymath of the Renaissance known for his contributions to art, science, and invention.
6
Q
Who is Donatello?
A
A Renaissance sculptor famous for his work in bas-relief and bronze sculptures.
7
Q
What is the printing press?
A
A machine invented by Johannes Gutenberg that revolutionized the production of books.
8
Q
What does vernacular refer to?
A
The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.
9
Q
What are indulgences?
A
Payments made to the Church to reduce punishment for sins.
10
Q
Who was Martin Luther?
A
A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the practices of the Catholic Church.
11
Q
Who was Pope Leo X?
A
The pope during the time of Martin Luther who opposed Luther’s reforms.
12
Q
What are Lutherans?
A
Followers of Martin Luther’s teachings and the Protestant faith he established.
13
Q
Who is John Calvin?
A
A theologian who developed Calvinism and emphasized predestination.
14
Q
What is Calvinism?
A
A branch of Protestantism that follows the theological teachings of John Calvin.
15
Q
Who was King Henry VIII?
A
The English king who initiated the English Reformation and established the Church of England.
16
Q
What is the Church of England?
A
The Anglican church established by King Henry VIII, separate from the Catholic Church.
17
Q
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A
A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestant churches.
18
Q
What is the Catholic Reformation?
A
A period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation.
19
Q
What is another name for the Catholic Reformation?
A
Counter-Reformation.
20
Q
Who was Ignatius Loyola?
A
The founder of the Jesuits, a religious order focused on education and missionary work.
21
Q
What are Jesuits?
A
Members of the Society of Jesus, known for their educational and missionary efforts.
22
Q
What was the Council of Trent?
A
A council of the Catholic Church that addressed reform and clarifications of doctrine.
23
Q
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
A
An astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.
24
Q
Who was Galileo?
A
An astronomer who supported Copernican theory and faced opposition from the Catholic Church.
25
What is The Index?
A list of prohibited books published by the Catholic Church.
26
Who was Tycho Brahe?
An astronomer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations.
27
Who is Francis Bacon?
A philosopher and scientist known for his advocacy of the scientific method.
28
Who was Johannes Kepler?
An astronomer who formulated laws of planetary motion.
29
Who is Sir Isaac Newton?
A mathematician and physicist known for his laws of motion and universal gravitation.
30
What are atheists?
Individuals who do not believe in the existence of God.
31
What are deists?
Individuals who believe in a creator but reject organized religion and divine intervention.
32
Who were King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella?
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain who completed the Reconquista and funded Columbus's voyage.
33
Who was Charles V?
The Holy Roman Emperor who ruled during the height of the Renaissance and Reformation.
34
Who was Ferdinand I?
The Holy Roman Emperor following Charles V, known for his role in the Habsburg dynasty.
35
Who was Philip II?
The King of Spain known for his reign during the Spanish Golden Age and the Armada's defeat.
36
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
A court established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain.
37
What is the Decree of Alhambra?
A 1492 edict that ordered the expulsion of Jews from Spain.
38
What is the Act of Supremacy?
The 1534 act that declared the monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
39
Who was Elizabeth I?
The Queen of England known for her strong leadership during the Elizabethan Age.
40
What is the Elizabethan Age?
The period of English history during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, marked by flourishing arts.
41
What was the Muscovy Company?
A trading company established to promote trade between England and Russia.
42
What is the British East India Company?
A trading company formed to exploit trade in the East Indies.
43
Who was James I?
The King of England who authorized the King James Version of the Bible.
44
Who was Charles I?
The King of England whose conflict with Parliament led to the English Civil War.
45
What is the Petition of Right?
A constitutional document that limited the powers of the king.
46
What was the Long Parliament?
The English Parliament that lasted from 1640 to 1660, significant for its role in the Civil War.
47
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
The leader of the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and Lord Protector.
48
What was the English Commonwealth?
The republican government established after the execution of Charles I.
49
What is the Lord Protector?
The title held by Oliver Cromwell during the Commonwealth period.
50
What is the Stuart Restoration?
The period when Charles II was restored to the throne after the Commonwealth.
51
What is the Habeas Corpus Act?
An act that protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment.
52
What was the Glorious Revolution?
The overthrow of King James II of England in 1688.
53
What is the English Bill of Rights?
A document that outlined the rights of Parliament and individuals, limiting the powers of the monarchy.
54
Who were the Huguenots?
French Protestants who faced persecution in Catholic France.
55
Who was Henry IV?
The first Bourbon king of France who issued the Edict of Nantes.
56
What is the Edict of Nantes?
A 1598 decree granting religious freedom to Huguenots in France.
57
Who was Cardinal Richelieu?
The chief minister who strengthened the French monarchy in the early 17th century.
58
Who was Cardinal Mazarin?
The chief minister after Richelieu who continued his policies.
59
Who was Louis XIV?
The French king known as the 'Sun King,' who epitomized absolute monarchy.
60
Who was Jean Baptiste Colbert?
The finance minister to Louis XIV who promoted mercantilism.
61
What was the War of Spanish Succession?
A conflict over the succession to the Spanish throne that involved multiple European powers.
62
Who was Philip V?
The first Bourbon king of Spain, whose succession led to the War of Spanish Succession.
63
What was the Peace of Augsburg?
A treaty that allowed German princes to choose the religion of their territory.
64
What was the Thirty Years’ War?
A destructive conflict in Europe primarily between Catholic and Protestant states.
65
What was the Peace of Westphalia?
The treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War and established the principle of state sovereignty.
66
Who was Ivan III?
The Grand Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule over Russia.
67
Who was Ivan IV?
The first czar of Russia, known as Ivan the Terrible.
68
What are boyars?
The noble class in Russia, often holding significant power.
69
What are Cossacks?
Semi-nomadic people known for their horse-riding skills and military prowess.
70
Who was Ivan the Terrible?
The first czar of Russia known for his tyrannical rule and reforms.
71
What was the Time of Troubles?
A period of political instability and chaos in Russia following Ivan IV's death.
72
Who was Michael Romanov?
The founder of the Romanov dynasty and czar of Russia.
73
Who was Peter the Great?
The czar known for his extensive reforms and westernization of Russia.
74
Who was Catherine the Great?
The empress of Russia known for her expansion of the empire and modernization efforts.
75
What was the Ottoman Empire?
A powerful empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.
76
Who was Osman Bey?
The founder of the Ottoman Empire.
77
What are timars?
Land grants given to Ottoman soldiers in exchange for military service.
78
What is devshirme?
The practice of recruiting boys from Christian families to serve in the Ottoman military or administration.
79
Who was Selim I?
The Ottoman sultan known for expanding the empire into the Middle East.
80
Who was Suleiman I?
The Ottoman sultan known as 'the Magnificent' for his military conquests and cultural achievements.
81
Who was Babur?
The founder of the Mughal Empire in India.
82
What was the Mughal Empire?
An empire in India known for its wealth, culture, and architectural achievements.
83
What are zamindars?
Landowners in the Mughal Empire responsible for collecting taxes.
84
Who was Shah Jahan?
The Mughal emperor known for commissioning the Taj Mahal.
85
What is the Taj Mahal?
A mausoleum built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife, considered a masterpiece of Mughal architecture.
86
What was Songhai?
A dominant empire in West Africa known for trade and Islamic culture.
87
What are Kongo and Angola?
Two kingdoms in Central Africa known for trade and interaction with Europeans.
88
What is Asanti?
An African kingdom known for its wealth and military power in West Africa.
89
Who was King Alfonso I?
The king of Kongo who converted to Christianity and sought to strengthen ties with Portugal.
90
What is Angola known for?
Its rich resources and history of Portuguese colonization.
91
Who was Queen Nzinga?
A leader of Ndongo and Matamba who resisted Portuguese colonization.
92
Who was Zheng He?
A Chinese explorer known for his voyages during the Ming dynasty.
93
What is the Qing dynasty?
The last imperial dynasty of China, known for its expansion and cultural achievements.
94
Who were the Manchus?
The ethnic group that founded the Qing dynasty in China.
95
What are imperial portraits?
Artworks depicting emperors and empresses, often used to convey power and authority.
96
Who was Kangxi?
One of the longest-reigning emperors of the Qing dynasty, known for consolidating power and cultural patronage.
97
Who was Qianlong?
A Qing emperor known for his military campaigns and support of the arts.
98
Who was Tokugawa Ieyasu?
The founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled Japan for over 250 years.
99
What was the Edo period?
A period of Japanese history marked by peace, stability, and isolation under the Tokugawa shogunate.
100
What is the National Seclusion Policy?
A policy that restricted foreign influence and trade in Japan during the Edo period.
101
What is Kabuki?
A traditional form of Japanese theater known for its stylized drama and elaborate costumes.
102
What is haiku?
A form of Japanese poetry consisting of three lines with a syllable pattern of 5-7-5.
103
What was the Maratha Empire?
A powerful Indian empire known for its resistance against Mughal rule.
104
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
A Portuguese prince who sponsored early voyages of exploration along the African coast.
105
Who was Vasco da Gama?
The first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia via the ocean.
106
Who was Christopher Columbus?
An Italian explorer credited with discovering the Americas in 1492.
107
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
An agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands between them.
108
Who was Amerigo Vespucci?
An explorer whose name is the source of the name 'America.'
109
Who was Ponce de Leon?
An explorer known for his search for the Fountain of Youth and the discovery of Florida.
110
Who was Vasco de Balboa?
The first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World.
111
Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
The first explorer to circumnavigate the globe.
112
Who was Giovanni da Verrazzano?
An explorer known for his exploration of the North American east coast.
113
Who was Sir Francis Drake?
An English sea captain known for his circumnavigation of the globe and privateering against Spain.
114
Who was John Cabot?
An Italian explorer who is credited with the discovery of parts of North America in 1497.
115
Who was Henry Hudson?
An explorer known for his attempts to find a Northwest Passage to Asia.
116
What is the Northwest Passage?
A sea route through the Arctic Ocean, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
117
What is a sternpost rudder?
A rudder mounted at the stern of a ship, improving maneuverability.
118
What are lateen sails?
Triangular sails that allowed ships to sail effectively against the wind.
119
What is an astrolabe?
An ancient instrument used to measure the altitude of stars and navigate at sea.
120
What is a magnetic compass?
An instrument that shows the direction of magnetic north, aiding navigation.
121
What are three-masted caravels?
Ships designed for exploration, featuring three masts for better wind capture.
122
Who was Hernando (Hernán) Cortés?
A Spanish conquistador known for conquering the Aztec Empire.
123
Who was Francisco Pizarro?
A Spanish conquistador known for conquering the Inca Empire.
124
What are peninsulares?
Spanish-born individuals residing in the colonies, holding the highest social status.
125
What are creoles?
Individuals of Spanish descent born in the colonies.
126
What are mestizos?
Individuals of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.
127
What are mulattos?
Individuals of mixed European and African ancestry.
128
What are viceroys?
Officials who governed Spanish colonies on behalf of the king.
129
What is encomienda?
A system that allowed Spanish settlers to demand tribute and forced labor from Indigenous people.
130
What is mit’a?
A labor system used by the Inca Empire, later adopted by Spanish colonists.
131
What is the Middle Passage?
The sea route used for the transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
132
What is sugar's significance in the Age of Exploration?
A highly sought-after commodity that drove the transatlantic slave trade.
133
What is silver's significance in the Age of Exploration?
A valuable resource mined in the Americas that fueled European economies.
134
What is the Age of Exploration?
A period of European exploration and colonization of the Americas and other regions.
135
What is a joint-stock company?
A business entity where shares of the company can be bought and sold by shareholders.
136
What is mercantilism?
An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy, promoting exports, and accumulating wealth.
