period 2 (1607-1754)

Question 1

what was the roanoke colony?

Answer 1

first colony of english, failed

Question 2

how did the virginia colonies differ from the new england colonies?

Answer 2

the new england colonies were a LOT more religiously strict than the virginia colonies, including jamestown. the new england colonies relied on shipbuilding/naval activities and trade to make money, whereas the virginia colonies relied on plantation economies, specifically tobacco. thus, there were also more slaves in the virginia colonies. more families settled in new england, while more single explorers went to jamestown in particular.

Question 3

how did the jamestown colony start?

Answer 3

the virginia company received a charter from the king of england to start a colony, and thus sent explorers over and created jamestown. originally, conditions were really bad, and a lot of people died the first winter. but with help from natives, the colony started back up.

Question 4

how was maryland different from the other colonies (including the jamestown colony)?

Answer 4

it was safe for catholics

Question 5

how did the plymouth rock and massachusetts bay colonies start?

Answer 5

the plymouth rock colony was started with the pilgrims on the mayflower, who were separatists and looking to flee england. the massachusetts bay colony was a colony started by puritans, under the massachusetts bay company with a charter from the king.

Question 6

how did the carolina’s start? how did they separate into north and south carolina?

Answer 6

they started with settlers moving in from the barbados islands (which is how they became so prominent in the slave trade) and making them rice plantation colonies, with a lot of slaves. north carolina came about as a lot of poor backcountry farmers or runaway indentured servants ran away from virginia, creating a region of carolina with squatters (no legal claim to the land) with a dislike of authority

Question 7

what was the headright system? who was it used by? why was it important?

Answer 7

it was a system in which people are promised land if they settle the americas. however, as many people did not have the money, rich landowners promised poor europeans some land and price of passage in exchange for a certain amount of time in servitude. how it ended up- rich landowners were granted more land when they brought over indentured servants. the headright system was used primarily by the virginia colonies of jamestown and maryland. it was important because it caused trouble with backcountry farmers and freed indentured servants, and also encouraged population growth of the virginia colonies, and westward expansion by extension.

Question 8

how was pennsylvania started? how was it different from other colonies?

Answer 8

it was land given as a gift from the king of england to william penn. he made it a safe space for quakers, who were normally discriminated against.

Question 9

how was rhode island started?

Answer 9

a man named roger williams disagreed with the traditional policy that church and state were deeply intertwined. he left the massachusetts bay colony and started rhode island, where church and state were separated.

Question 10

how was connecticut started?

Answer 10

a man named thomas hooker disagreed with the massachusetts bay colony condition that to become a member of the church, you needed to go through conversion (the selectivity of the church). he left and started connecticut

Question 11

what was the puritan church like in new england? what problems did it have?

Answer 11

it was calvinist and especially focused on the ideas of predestination (and the living saints- the emphasis on living a morally good life) and the vision of god as harsh and unforgiving- someone to be feared. a major problem encountered was that church membership started to go down as time went on

Question 12

what was the halfway covenant?

Answer 12

the idea that children of members of the church could become members of the church. previously, only those who had gone through conversion were allowed to be members of the church- this was an attempt to increase church membership

Question 13

how was georgia started?

Answer 13

it was meant to be a philanthropist and buffer state between spanish florida and the english colonies

Question 14

what were the middle colonies known for?

Answer 14

they were known for farming wheat and using indentured servants rather than slaves

Question 15

who was anne hutchinson?

Answer 15

a woman who questioned the puritan belief in new england that one needed to live a strict morally good life. if one believed in predestination and that one was a “living saint” and predestined to go to heaven, why would it matter whether or not one’s life was moral or not? she got kicked out of the massachusetts colonies

Question 16

how did the relationships with natives differ between the colonies?

Answer 16

the jamestown colony treated the powhatan tribe badly- the powhatan tribe originally helped them farm, but when the english settlers needed more land for tobacco, they became violent and fought the powhatan off of their land. the new english settlers had an easier time, as they were not violent until the 1630’s (pequot war) but they still took native land. natives in other regions (like the pueblo in the southwest) were affected by the spanish, and resisted their catholic conversion. natives in the ohio areas were not affected until later in the 1640’s-1700’s

Question 17

how was new york started?

Answer 17

it was originally part of the new netherlands, but when the english threatened the dutch for the land, the dutch gave it over to avoid a war. the land was then granted to the duke of york. new hampshire was founded similarly

Question 18

why was the “city upon a hill” speech and idea significant? (during and beyond this time period)

Answer 18

during the time, it revolved around the idea of being a perfect puritan society, particularly as england was still not that different from the roman catholic church (besides in name). later on, it became something for america as a whole to live up to. the thirteen colonies and later states needed to be the example of a shining democratic country

Question 19

where was slavery in the colonial days?

Answer 19

primarily in the southern colonies (given their plantation style economy and life) but it was located really everywhere. even new york.

Question 20

what was the main money-maker in barbados/the west indies?

Answer 20

sugarcane and sugar plantations

Question 21

what were some early examples of democracy and self-government in the colonies?

Answer 21

the house of burgesses in virginia, town meetings in new england, and elections in new england (despite only the living saints being allowed to vote)

Question 22

what was the triangle trade?

Answer 22

trade between america, africa, and england

Question 23

what early wars happened between native americans and new england settlers? why?

Answer 23

the pequot war 1630’s (pequot tribe lost against the english)
king philip’s war 1670’s (wampanoag tribe killed settlers and destroyed towns, and the english retaliated fiercely) because westward expansion of english settlers interfered with native land claims.

Question 24

what wars happened between natives (allied with which european countries) because of the fur trade? describe key points of each, including dates.

Answer 24

the beaver wars (1640s) between french-allied algonquian and british-allied iroquois as a result of mutual desires to expand their fur trade.
king william’s war (1680’s) where the british took french acadia.
queen anne’s war (1700’s) where acadia was given back to france.
king george’s war (1740’s) as a result of a british siege on a french fort in nova scotia.
all wars included french, british, and native forces (with the beaver wars as an exception, which contained primarily native forces)

Question 25

what and when was the molasses act?

Answer 25

1733 act that raised tariffs on foreign imports of molasses to force colonists to only buy british molasses

Question 26

what were the navigation acts?

Answer 26

series of acts starting in 1651 until the american revolution that limited american trade in line with british mercantilist policies (needed america both as a market and a source of goods)

Question 27

what is mercantilism? how did mercantilism affect england’s relationship with the colonies?

Answer 27

mercantilism is the policy that a country should export more than they import to collect material wealth
england primarily saw the colonies as simply there for monetary purposes- a place for natural resources, and a guaranteed market for finished goods in order to “export more than they import”

Question 28

what was the relationship between the new england confederation, dominion of new england, and salutary neglect?

Answer 28

the new england confederation was an alliance formed between the new england colonies during the english civil war to protect them against mutual enemies. after the english civil war, james i wanted to exert more control over the colonies, and combined all the new england colonies into one royal colony, the dominion of new england. it dissolved with the glorious revolution in 1688, and from then on england became more lax with rules and restrictions, allowing the colonies more self-government, something known as salutary neglect.

Question 29

what and when was the pope’s rebellion or pueblo revolt?

Answer 29

1680’s revolt of the pueblo people against spanish rule

Question 30

what and when was bacon’s rebellion?

Answer 30

1670’s revolt of backcountry farmers against powerful landowners in the virginia colonies. anger started over the landowners’ protection of native lands, as backcountry farmers wanted to expand westward and take native lands (part of this was the headright system- a lot of land was given to landowners because of that)

Question 31

what and when was the french and indian war? why is it called that? what were its results?

Answer 31

war that started in 1754 due to conflicting land interests between the french and british.
called french and indian war because many natives sided with the french (french treated them better than british)
the french were defeated and kicked out of america, turning all french territory to the british

Question 32

what and when was pontiac’s rebellion?

Answer 32

1763 rebellion led by a native leader named pontiac against british settlers taking over french forts on their land. failed

Question 33

what was the proclamation act of 1763? what were its effects on the colonists?

Answer 33

british act that forbid english colonists from settling beyond the appalachians- made in protection of native lands.
made colonists extremely angry

Question 34

what was the first great awakening? what were some characteristics? who were some important figures?

Answer 34

the sudden surge of religious fervor in 1730’s-1740’s following waning interest in the church
emotional preachers used passion and the image of a terrifying, unforgiving god
spread idea that anybody could be saved- in contrast with earlier ideas of predestination
whitefield and edwards

Question 35

what was the impact of enlightenment thinkers on the colonies? who was the most influential?

Answer 35

it gave them new ideas of the purpose of a government- to serve the people, and to protect the rights of the people
john locke was the most influential thinker

Question 36

what were cato’s letters?

Answer 36

a series of esssys that condemned the corruption and monarchical rule of england (might be compared to federalist papers or common sense in how it influenced thought)