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Period 3: 1754 - 1800 Flashcards

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1
Q

French and Indian War (7 Years’ War)

A

Mostly Britain vs. France

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2
Q

Albany Plan of Union

A

British wanted to coordinate the war effort and colonial defense, also get the Iroquois on British side, so representatives from 7 colonies met in Albany where Ben Franklin proposed the Plan (Join or Die), to help coordinate troops and collect taxes (promote colonial unity!) but colonial jealousy and tradition of independence caused the plan’s rejection; est. a precedent for later meetings and cooperation

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3
Q

Treaty of Paris 1763

A

England gets French Canada and Spanish Florida, the French gave the Spanish Louisiana, and British control was est. over the region while France was basically kicked out (except Haiti)

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4
Q

Effects of French and Indian War

A

British supremacy of N. America and as leading naval power, British thought the colonies were militarily weak while the colonists viewed oppositely and were not impressed by the British.

  • End to salutary neglect!
  • War is expensive and England has debt so that means taxes
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5
Q

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

A

Pontiac (Ottawa Chief) forged a W. confederation and rebelled against colonists encroaching on their land; Indians were mad bc of W. spread and bc the British didn’t bring them gifts so it went down in the Ohio River Valley and British send troops to put it down

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6
Q

Paxton Boys

A

W. Penn Scots-Irish attacked random Natives during during Pontiac’s Rebellion bc want gov. protection from Indians

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7
Q

Proclamation of 1763

A

after Pontiac’s Rebellion, prohibited colonial settlement W. of the Appalachian Mountains to prevent tensions w/ Natives; colonists were defiant tho and got a lil mad

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8
Q

Sugar Act (1764)/ Revenue Act of 1764

A

placed duties on sugar and luxuries to raise $ for England and provided stricter enforcement of Navigation Acts to stop smuggling (violators tried in vice-admiralty courts)

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9
Q

Quartering Act (1765)

A

colonists required to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers

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10
Q

Stamp Act! (1765)

A

direct tax on legal documents and items like newspapers, got the colonists real heated bc argued it was passed w/out consent of colonial legislatures

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11
Q

Responses to Stamp Act: Patrick Henry, virtual representation, Stamp Act Congress, Sons of Liberty

A
  • Patrick Henry issues Virginia Resolved and talks about no taxation w/out representation
  • British issues virtual representation
  • Stamp Act Congress: 9 colonies meet to oppose British policies, move towards inter colonial unity
  • Sons/ Daughters of Liberty: violent protests and boycotts (tar feathering)
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12
Q

Declaratory Act (1766)

A

After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Britain says they still have the power to tax the colonies

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13
Q

Townshend Acts (1767)

A

tax on imports like paper, tea, glass which would be used to pay royal officials in the colonies so more tensions, also officials could search private homes for goods w/ a writ of assistance rather than a warrant

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14
Q

Resistance to Townshend Acts

A

John Dickinson writes “Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania” to argue “no taxation without representation” but England argues that colonists are represented through virtual representation; colonists created nonimporation and nonconsumtion agreements to boycott British goods and Britain repeals the Acts in 1770 bc deterring trade

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15
Q

Boston Massacre

A

British troops open fire near the customs house killing 5 colonists and Paul Revere used it as pro-colonial propaganda

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16
Q

Committees of Correspondence

A

Started by Sam Adams in 1772 to keep up communication and resistance to British policies or suspicious activity; example of growing intercolonial unity

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17
Q

Tea Act (1773)

A

gave monopoly to British East India Company to help them with monetary problems, even tho it made the tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea, colonists refused it bc they did not agree to the tax

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18
Q

Boston Tea Party

A

Sons of Liberty protest against Tea Act, led to the Coercive Acts

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19
Q

Coercive Acts (1774) (Intolerable Acts)

A

to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party

  1. Boston port was closed until property was paid for
  2. Reduced power of Mass. legislature and banned town hall meetings
  3. Quartering Act expanded
  4. Royal officials accused of a crime would be tried in England
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20
Q

Quebec Act (1774)

A

Extended the boundary of Quebec into the Ohio Valley, est. Roman Catholicism as official religion and gov. allowed to operate w/out representative assembly or trial by jury

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21
Q

Colonial opinion of Quebec Act

A

Felt that it was a direct attack on them, that it took land away from them, Protestants mad at the Catholic part, and worried that England would take away representative gov. in the colonies

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22
Q

The First Continental Congress (1774)

A

response to Intolerable Acts, all colonies except Georgia sent representatives to Philadelphia to respond to British threats of their liberties and wanted to try to repair the relationship w/ England -> NOT calling for independence

  1. Endorsed Suffolk Resolves: Repeal of Intolerable Acts
  2. Passed Declaration of Rights and Grievances: restore colonial rights
  3. Created the Association: coordinate economic boycott
  4. Start making military preparations and plan to meet again
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23
Q

English response to First Continental Congress

A

King George dismisses the grievances, declares Massachusetts in a state of rebellion and sends more troops

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24
Q

Lexington and Concord

A

British troops led by Gen. Gage leave Boston to seize colonial weapons and arrest John Hancock and Sam Adams, Minutemen warned by Paul Revere that the British were coming and the “shot heard round the world” was shot in Lexington (1775) and another battle took place in Concord when colonial troops attacked the British on their way back

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25
Bunker Hill
June 1775, true battle between opposing armies, British got hill which was actually Breed's Hill, but colonists hold their own so builds their confidence
26
Second Continental Congress
May 1775, division amongst colonists on whether or not to declare independence, organized the Continental Army w/ George Washington as commander, sent "Olive Branch Petition" to King George III
27
Olive Branch Petition
sent to King George III, colonists w/ 2nd Continental Congress pledged their loyalty and asked the king to secure peace but George dismisses the OBP and declares the colonies in rebellion
28
Deep Roots of Revolution
Enlightenment ideas of John Locke and Rousseau, Locke said everyone has natural rights and power of gov. is derived from popular consent
29
Thomas Paine's "Common Sense"
influenced by the Enlightenment argued for the radical idea of colonial independence and breaking w/ British ties bc it was against common sense for a large continent to be rules by a small island so far away who imposed unreasonable laws
30
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson which justified independence by listing specific grievances against King George III, wanted to rally support from colonists and get assistance from foreign nations, and broad appeal by declaring natural rights and popular sovereignty
31
Patriots
Colonists who fought against the British, largely from New England, like 30-40% of the pop., later African Americans would join
32
Loyalists
Colonists loyal to the British and opposed independence, 20-30%, usually wealthier and more conservative, treated as traitors, later Native Americans would join
33
British strengths
Britain was militarily and economically superior to the colonies, considerable loyalist opposition, weak gov. structure under the Continental Congress
34
Colonial strengths
Colonists were on home turf, used guerrilla warfare, resilient military and political leadership, ideological commitment, eventual support from European allies (France woooo)
35
Alliance w/ France
forml alliance after colonial win in Battle of Saratoga that gave colonists money, weapons, naval support and soldiers; France joined the colonists bc wanted to weaken their enemy Britain; France wanted to regain some power in N. America bc they lost it all in the 7 Yrs. War, if England loses France can trade freely w/ colonies bc end of British mercantile policies
36
Battles of the Revolution
Lexington and Concord, Bunker Hill, Trenton, Battle of Saratoga, Battle of Yorktown
37
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
last major battle of the Revolution, "end this war at Yorktown, cut them off at sea," Washington surrounds him and makes Cornwallis surrender
38
Treaty of Paris (1783)
1. Britain would recognize American independence 2. Mississippi would be the W. boundary 3. Americans have fishing rights off Canadian coast 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and would respect loyalist rights
39
Political impact of American Revolution
- state constitutions abolished many old European laws and traditions so no titles of nobility could be granted - different idea of what republicanism (power from ppl) would mean - many states took away property requirements for voting - but, colonial elite remained and most states did not have full democracy - American revolution inspired revolutions in France, Haiti, Latin America
40
Social Impact of American Revolution, republican motherhood
- Women played significant role while men were at war so women wanted more rights: Abigail Adams said "Remember the Ladies" - ideal of republican motherhood - Natives fought on British side bc British limited colonial settlement - African Americans eventually allowed to fight for Continental Army (British Dunmore promised freedom to slaves who fought for British) - Gradual emancipation (regional divisions)
41
Characteristics of new state constitutions
List of rights, Separation of powers (3 branches), voting rights to all property holding white males, office-holding
42
Articles of Confederation (1781)
1st national gov. of United States. Created a central gov. w/ limited power under which each state was given 1 vote and 9/13 votes were needed to pass laws, and amending the Articles required unanimous vote
43
Powers of Articles of Confederation
Gov. could wage war, make treaties, send diplomats and borrow money but could NOT regulate trade or tax
44
Accomplishments under the Articles
1. Winning the war so U.S. could take some credit for victory and negotiation of peace, Land Ordinances of 1784, 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
45
Problems w/ Articles of Confederation
central gov. was weak; Financial problems: couldn't pay war debts w/ no taxes and worthless $ Foreign problems: didn't have spect from other nations, British disrupted trade, Spain banned shipping along Mississippi, France demanded repayment of loans and Pirates Domestic problems like Shays's Rebellion
46
Land Ordinances (Land Ordinance of 1784, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787)
Major accomplishments under Articles, 1784: est. principle that territories could become states as their pop.'s grew, 1785: system for surveying and selling land in W. and set aside land for education, Northwest Ordinance of 1787: set up system for territories to enter the union as new states but banned slavery N. of Ohio River
47
Shays's Rebellion (1786-87)
After Revolution economy suffered postwar depression and particularly hit were farmers so Daniel Shay led farmers in uprising against high taxes, debt imprisonment, lack of paper money; gov. too weak to put rebellion down so increased call for stronger central gov.
48
Constitutional Convention
all states but Rhode Island sent delegates to address nation's problems like international trade, finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations and internal unrest w/ purpose of revising the Articles; decided under nationalist influence to create entirely new stronger central gov.
49
Compromises of the Convention
- Representation: Virginia Plan -> Great Compromise, Slavery: 3/5's Compromise, Trade: Commercial Compromise Presidency: term and election, est. electoral college
50
Virginia Plan (Large State Plan)
Madison's plan to solve representation issue during Constitutional Convention to set up bicameral legislature and representation based on population size; obviously small states didn't like
51
New Jersey Plan (Small State Plan)
unicameral legislature w/ equal representation regardless of population; obviously large states didn't like
52
Great Compromise
Roger Sherman's plan for a two-house Congress w/ equal representation in the Senate but representation based on population in the House of Representatives
53
Three Fifths Compromise
slave states wanted slaves to be counted in population count to get more representation but others argued they weren't included in anything so why, result: slaves would be counted at 3/5 of a person and slave trade allowed to continue until 1808; institution of slavery protected by Constitution
54
Commercial Compromise
Congress could regulate interstate and foreign commerce, including putting tariffs on foreign imports but prohibited putting taxes on exports
55
Federalists
supporters of Constitution and favored strong central gov. to preserve Union, mostly Atlantic coast large city ppl
56
Anti-Federalists
critics of Constitution and favored a weak central gov. to promote democracy, favored states rights and appealed to popular distrust of gov., mostly farmers out W.
57
The Federalist Papers
"Alexander joins forces with James Madison and John Jay to write a series of essays defending the new U.S. Constitution, entitled The Federalist Papers. The plan was to write a total of twenty five essays, the work divided evenly among the three men. In the end, they wrote eighty-five essays, in the span of six months. John Jay got sick after writing five, James Madison wrote twenty-nine. Hamilton wrote the other fifty-one!"
58
Bill of Rights
its addition greatly influenced the ratification of the Constitution bc alleviated concerns of Anti-Federalists, it enumerated individual rights and explicitly restricted the powers of the federal gov.; first 10 ammendments
59
Constitution
set up gov. based on popular sovereignty (power in hands of ppl), separation of powers between 3 branches, division of power between national and state gov.'s (Federalism), would be "supreme law of land," presidents wouldn't be elected directly by voters to prevent mob rule so est. electoral college
60
George Washington
the O.G, set many precedents like two terms, est. the cabinet (group of advisers)
61
Washington's cabinet
State: Jefferson Treasury: Hamilton! War: Knox
62
Judiciary Act of 1789
org. the Supreme Court w/ 1 chief justice and 5 associate gov.'s
63
Hamilton's Financial Plan
1. Report on Public Credit: Pay off national debt at face value and have gov. assume war debts of the states (Assumption Plan) 2. Protect the nation's industries and promote manufacturing and collect revenue to pay off debt at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imports 3. Create national bank to provide basis for U.S. stable currency
64
Compromise for Assumption Plan
Jefferson agreed bc capital would be moved to south, Washington D.C.
65
Arguments against Hamilton's financial plan
Anti-Federalists (Jefferson) and southerners feared that the states would lose power as the federal gov. gained it, Jeffersonian Republicans said that Constitution did not give Congress the power to create a bank -> strict interpretation of Constitution while Hamilton (Federalist) argued the "necessary and proper" clause and had a loose interpretation of the Consitution
66
Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)
Washington believed the U.S. was not strong enough to help France in their revolution so issued U.S. neutral in the conflict; Jefferson got so mad he resigned from the cabinet
67
Ya boy Jon Jay's Treaty (1794)
Intended to talk Britain out of searching and seizing U.S. ships, but in treaty Britain agreed to evacuate its posts on the U.S. W. frontier and said nothing about British seizures bc Jay was GOOD, but it did keep the U.S. neutral
68
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
Jay's Treaty was so bad that Spain thought we were getting closer to Britain, and Spain didn't like that. So Spain decided to consolidate its holdings in North America. Pinckney went in and got Spain to open Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade
69
Whiskey Rebellion (1974)
Hamilton's financial plan included an excise tax on whiskey and when farmers refused to pay it made the gov. seem weak so Washington sent troops to intimidate and put it down w/out bloodshed (contrast w/ Shay's Rebellion)
70
Federalists
- Economic: supported Hamilton and his financial program so wanted to aid business, create national bank and supported high tariffs (manufacturing) - Constitution: loose interpretation and create strong central gov. - Foreign: pro-British - Supporters: strongest in N. cities and large landowners
71
Democratic-Republicans
- Economic: supported Jefferson and opposed Hamilton's financial program so favored agriculture (agrarian society), opposed national bank and tariffs - Constitution: strict interpretation and create weak central gov. - Foreign: pro-France - Supporters: strongest in S., skilled workers, small farmers
72
Washington's Farewell Address
told Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs, not to form political parties and not to fall into sectionalism
73
Native Americans (N.W. Confederacy, Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville)
Native Americans still mad bc settlers keep moving W., so tribes form the N.W. Confederacy under everyone's fav., Little Turtle. But the natives ain't shit and the U.S. under Wayne in the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) kicks their ass which leads to the Treaty of Greenville (1795) where the defeated tribes give up claims to the Ohio Territory
74
Election of 1796
Federalist VP John Adams vs. Democratic-Republican Jefferson and Adams becomes president w/ Jefferson as VP (12th amendment fixes the whole runner up VP thing)
75
XYZ Affair
Under Adams; Adams sends negotiators to France to get them to stop seizing U.S. ships but French officials known as X, Y, Z requested bribes in order to start negotiations w/ Talleyrand which the Americans refused to give; this angered U.S. ppl and many called for war but Adams wants to avoid war (Quasi War: undeclared naval war between U.S. and France)
76
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) (Naturalization, Alien, Sedition)
Reason: Enough ppl were mad at France for the Federalists to get a majority and they passed acts to restrict Democratic-Republicans (who got the immigrant vote) Naturalization Act: required 14 yrs of living in U.S. for immigrant citizenship qualification Alien Act: authorized president to deport aliens considered dangerous Sedition Act: made it illegal for newspapers to criticize president or Congress
77
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
``` Reason: Democratic-Republican opposition to Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Federalists Kentucky Resolution (Jefferson) and Virginia Resolution (Madison) said a state could nullify federal laws passed by Congress they felt were unconstitutional (compact theory) - important bc argument of nullification will be used by S. Caroline in the 1830s and by the S. when the secede from the Union ```

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