Period 4 Pass-off Flashcards
(38 cards)
Revolution of 1800
First peaceful transfer of power between parties, though Federalists appoint “midnight judges”—including Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall—to maintain influence through the Judiciary branch.
The Pragmatic President
Jefferson stays true to his strict constructionist beliefs (eliminates Whiskey Tax and Alien/Sedition Acts) but also completes Louisiana Purchase without constitutional authority.
Marbury v. Madison
Chief Justice John Marshall asserts that the Supreme Court has the power of “Judicial Review” to decide whether federal laws are constitutional or not.
Babary States (Tripoli, Tunisia, Algiers)
Jefferson rejects their demands for tribute (“millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”) and the American navy and marines defeat them in battle.
Embargo Act (1807)
Jefferson stops all trade with Europe, hoping “peaceable coercion” will get England and Napoleon to stop impressing American sailors and seizing cargoes. It fails.
“War Hawks”
Young nationalist politicians who vote to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812 to end British alliances with Indians out west and invade Canada.
War of 1812
Ends in stalemate, but Andrew Jackson’s victory at Battle of New Orleans boosts American nationalism, leading some to call it the “2nd War for Independence”.
(short-lived) Era of Good Feelings
Federalists fade away after Hartford Convention scandal, leaving only the Republicans.
Tallmadge Amendment
proposes that Missouri must ban slavery to become a state. It passes the House but not the Senate, leading South to suspect a Northern conspiracy to limit slavery.
Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay temporarily preserves free-state slave-state balance – Maine enters as a free state, Missouri as a slave state and slavery is banned in the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30′.
Monroe Doctrine
Announcement that the Western Hemisphere is off limits to further European colonization, marking a more assertive American foreign policy, even though it doesn’t have the military to enforce it.
“Corrupt Bargain” of 1825
Jackson wins popular vote, but no candidate wins majority of electoral vote, so election is decided in the House of Representatives. Speaker Henry Clay swings vote towards JQA, who then names Clay Secretary of State. JQA’s presidency is tainted by scandal and Jackson wins 4 years later.
Universal white male suffrage
shift from elite property owners to mass politics and political machines explains “Old Hickory” war hero Andrew Jackson’s popularity.
“King Andrew”
President Jackson expands the power of the presidency, vetoing more bills than predecessors combined and using the “spoils system” to reward supporters
1830 Indian Removal Act
forces remaining Indians east of the Mississippi River to move to Oklahoma territory, ignoring Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia. Florida Seminoles (under chief Osceola) and Sauk and Fox (under Chief Blackhawk) are temporarily successful in resisting.
Nullification Crisis
Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition and Protest declares the state can “nullify” the “Tariff of Abominations.” Jackson’s Force Bill threatens war, but Clay negotiates a new lower tariff.
Bank Battle
Nicholas Biddle applies to renew the National Bank charter. Jackson vetoes it and transfers federal money to “pet banks” , causing the Panic of 1837. All anti-Jackson factions coalesce into the Whig Party
“Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
Whigs copy Democrats by portraying war hero Harrison as “log cabin and hard cider” common man
Lewis and Clark expedition
Called the “Corps of Discovery”, sent to map Louisiana Purchase, look for all-water route to Pacific, establish good relations with Indians, and stake claim to Oregon.
Pan-Indian Resistance Movement
spiritual leader the “Prophet” urges Indians to stop assimilating into white society and return to their traditional beliefs, while military leader Tecumseh tries to get tribes to stop fighting each other and unite in battle against Americans. Defeated in the War of 1812.
(1821) Newly-independent Mexico
struggles to control fringe states of California, New Mexico, & Texas. At first, “empresarios” like Stephen Austin are allowed to recruit American settlers into Texas, but Mexico cracks down.
General Sam Houston
Texan independence from Mexico is recognized in 1836, but southern border is dispute. Texas claims it is the Rio Grande. Mexico says it is the Rio Nueces.
Lone Star Republic
Texas waits to be annexed by the U.S. - President Jackson is hesitant to upset the balance of free states and slave states. Lame duck President Tyler finally annexes Texas after Polk wins the “Manifest Destiny” election of 1844.
New technologies
John Deere’s Steel Plow opens up the Great Plains to agriculture. McCormick Reaper frees up farm labor to work in cities. Eli Whitney’s manufacturing of muskets with interchangeable parts demonstrates benefits of mass production.
