Period 7 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
Imperialism
A
The policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means of acquiring and maintaining control over other countries or territories
2
Q
Justification
A
The act of providing a reason or rationale for something, often used in the context of justifying actions taken by a government or other authority.
3
Q
McKinley Tariff
A
A tariff passed by the United States Congress in 1890 that raised tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic industries, named after President William McKinley.
4
Q
Conditions in Cuba
A
The political, social, and economic situation in Cuba in the late 19th century, marked by widespread poverty, political corruption, and a desire for independence from Spain.
5
Q
Yellow Journalism
A
A type of journalism characterized by sensationalism, exaggeration, and sometimes false information, intended to attract readers and increase circulation.
6
Q
De Lome Letter
A
A private letter written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lome, in 1898 that criticized President William McKinley and was intercepted and published by American newspapers, further inflaming tensions between the United States and Spain.
7
Q
USS Maine
A
An American battleship that exploded and sank in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to the United States declaring war on Spain and beginning the Spanish-American War.
8
Q
TR’s shenanigans
A
Refers to the various actions and policies of President Theodore Roosevelt during his presidency, including his use of executive power, his foreign policy initiatives, and his domestic reform efforts.
9
Q
“Splendid little war”
A
A term used to describe the Spanish-American War by Secretary of State John Hay, suggesting that the war was short, successful, and relatively bloodless.
10
Q
Acquisitions
A
Refers to the territorial and economic gains made by the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the acquisition of territories such as Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
11
Q
Hawaii
A
An island chain in the Pacific Ocean that was annexed by the United States in 1898, becoming a territory in 1900 and a state in 1959.
12
Q
Platt Amendment
A
An amendment to the Cuban constitution imposed by the United States in 1901, which limited Cuba’s ability to make treaties with other countries and granted the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs.
13
Q
Open Door (1899)
A
A policy proposed by the United States in 1899 that called for equal trading rights and access to China for all countries, without colonization or control by any single country.
14
Q
Boxer Rebellion (1899)
A
An uprising in China by a secret society known as the Boxers, who opposed foreign influence and sought to expel all foreigners from China.
15
Q
Filipino Insurrection (1899-1902)
A
An armed conflict between the United States and Filipino nationalists who opposed American rule in the Philippines, following the Spanish-American War.
16
Q
Insular Cases (1901)
A
A series of Supreme Court cases that determined the status of territories acquired by the United States during the Spanish-American War, including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
17
Q
Does the Constitution follow the flag?
A
A legal and political question raised by the acquisition of territories by the United States, which asked whether the protections and rights guaranteed by the Constitution applied to people living in those territories.
17
Q
Does the Constitution follow the flag?
A
A legal and political question raised by the acquisition of territories by the United States, which asked whether the protections and rights guaranteed by the Constitution applied to people living in those territories.
18
Q
Panama (1903)
A
The United States supported a revolution in Panama against Colombia, leading to the establishment of an independent Panama and the construction of the Panama Canal.
19
Q
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
A
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the United States had the right to intervene in Latin American countries to prevent European countries from doing so.
20
Q
Great White Fleet
A
A group of American battleships that circumnavigated the globe in 1907-1909, as a display of American naval power and to promote goodwill
21
Q
Japan: RJ War (1905)
A
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between Russia and Japan over territorial claims in Northeast Asia. The war ended in a Japanese victory and established Japan as a major world power.
22
Q
Gentlemen’s Agreement (1908
A
An informal agreement between the United States and Japan in which the US agreed to stop the segregation of Japanese children in public schools in California, and Japan agreed to stop the issuance of passports to Japanese laborers seeking to immigrate to the US.
23
Q
Big Stick Diplomacy
A
A foreign policy approach that involves the use of military power to achieve US objectives in international affairs. This approach was famously associated with President Theodore Roosevelt, who believed in “speaking softly and carrying a big stick.”
24
Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)
A foreign policy approach that emphasizes the use of economic power to achieve US objectives in international affairs. This approach was associated with President William Howard Taft.
25
Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)
A foreign policy approach that emphasizes the promotion of democratic ideals and human rights in international affairs. This approach was associated with President Woodrow Wilson.
26
Progressive Era
A period of social and political reform in the United States from the 1890s to the 1920s. Progressives sought to address issues such as political corruption, economic inequality, and social injustice.
27
Changing the role of Government Part 1
A shift in the role of the federal government during the Progressive Era, from a focus on limited government to an emphasis on using government power to promote social and economic welfare.
28
Muckrakers
Journalists and writers during the Progressive Era who exposed social and political corruption through investigative reporting.
29
3C + 4A - Wall-cubed + Democracy = Progressive Era
A formula coined by Progressive reformer Mary Parker Follett that represents the key ideas of the Progressive Era. The formula stands for "control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources, the four A's (anti-trust, anti-monopoly, anti-bossism, and anti-spoils), less Wall Street and more Main Street, and more democracy."
30
Wisconsin
A state that became a laboratory for Progressive reforms during the early 20th century, with Governor Robert La Follette implementing a number of Progressive measures such as primary elections and workers' compensation.
31
Trust Busting
The breaking up of large corporations, or trusts, that were seen as monopolistic and harmful to competition. Trust busting was a key policy during the Progressive Era.
32
WW1
World War I, a global war fought from 1914 to 1918.
33
Neutrality
A policy of non-involvement in foreign conflicts, often adopted by countries to avoid being drawn into wars or conflicts.
34
Lusitania (1915)
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing over 1,100 people including 128 Americans. The sinking of the Lusitania was a major factor in the US decision to enter World War I.
35
1916 Election
The presidential election held in 1916, which saw incumbent President Woodrow Wilson defeat Republican challenger Charles Evans Hughes.
36
Zimmerman Telegram
A secret communication from Germany to Mexico during World War I proposing a military alliance against the United States. The telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and ultimately helped to bring the US into the war.
37
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
A naval tactic used by Germany during World War I in which submarines would sink any ships in enemy waters, including civilian vessels. This tactic was a major factor in the US decision to enter the war.
38
Reasons to oppose the war
Some Americans opposed entering World War I for reasons such as pacifism, isolationism, or opposition to US involvement in European affairs.
39
Reasons to support the war
There were several reasons why people supported the US entry into World War I, including a desire to protect American economic interests, a sense of duty to protect democracy and freedom, and a belief that the war would help to make the world a safer place.
40
Committee on Public Information
The Committee on Public Information was a propaganda agency created by the US government during World War I to shape public opinion and promote support for the war effort. It was headed by journalist George Creel and employed a variety of tactics, including posters, pamphlets, and speeches, to persuade Americans to support the war.
41
Impact of Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 had a significant impact on World War I and on world history more broadly. The revolution led to the overthrow of the Russian monarchy and the establishment of a socialist government led by the Bolsheviks. This in turn led to Russia's withdrawal from the war and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which gave Germany significant territorial gains in the East.
42
Civil Liberties
Civil liberties are basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed to individuals by law, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial. These rights are protected by the US Constitution and are central to American democracy.
43
Espionage Act (1917)
The Espionage Act was a law passed by Congress in 1917 that made it illegal to interfere with military operations or to promote the success of America's enemies during times of war. The law was controversial because it was used to suppress anti-war dissent and limit free speech
44
Sedition Act (1918)
The Sedition Act was a law passed by Congress in 1918 that made it illegal to criticize the government, the flag, or the military during times of war. Like the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act was used to suppress dissent and limit free speech.
45
Schenck vs. US (1919)
Schenck v. United States was a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of the Espionage Act. The case involved Charles Schenck, a socialist who was arrested for distributing anti-war pamphlets. The Court ruled that Schenck's actions posed a clear and present danger to national security and that the government had the right to restrict free speech during times of war.
46
“Over There”
"Over There" is a patriotic song written by George M. Cohan in 1917 that became an anthem for American soldiers fighting in World War I. The song encourages Americans to support the war effort and portrays American soldiers as brave and heroic.
47
Impact of AEF
The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were the US military forces sent to Europe during World War I. The AEF played a significant role in the Allied victory, and their success helped to establish the United States as a major world power.
48
14 points
The Fourteen Points were a set of proposals made by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations after World War I. The points included proposals for disarmament, free trade, and the creation of a League of Nations to prevent future wars.
49
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the peace treaty that ended World War I. It was signed in 1919 and imposed harsh penalties on Germany, including significant territorial losses and large financial reparations. The treaty is widely seen as a contributing factor to the outbreak of World War II.
50
Failure to Ratify (Henry Cabot Lodge)
Henry Cabot Lodge was a US senator who played a key role in the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Lodge was a Republican who opposed many of Wilson's proposals, including the establishment of a League of Nations. He led a successful effort to block ratification of the reservationists.
51
Reservationists
A group of US senators who supported the Treaty of Versailles after World War I, but with certain reservations or amendments. They believed that the League of Nations could threaten US sovereignty and wanted to limit its power.
52
Irreconcilables
A group of US senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. They believed that the US should not get involved in international affairs and that the League would drag the country into future wars.
53
1920 Election
The US presidential election held in 1920, which was won by Republican candidate Warren G. Harding. The election was notable for being the first in which women could vote nationwide.
54
Washington Naval Conference (1921)
An international conference held in Washington, D.C. in 1921 to discuss naval disarmament and the reduction of military tensions between major world powers, including the US, UK, Japan, France, and Italy.
55
Dawes Plan (1924)
An economic plan proposed by American banker Charles G. Dawes in 1924 to help Germany pay off its war reparations to the Allies. The plan restructured Germany's debt and provided loans to the country.
56
Kellogg-Brian Pact (1927)
A treaty signed by 15 nations, including the US, in 1928 that renounced war as a means of settling international disputes.
57
Red Scare
A period of political repression and fear of communism in the US during the early 20th century, particularly in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
58
Palmer Raids
A series of government raids and arrests of suspected radicals and communists in the US in 1919 and 1920, led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.
59
Strikes
The organized refusal of workers to work, usually in an effort to improve their wages, working conditions, or other labor-related issues.
60
Immigration Laws (1921–Emergency Quota Act and 1924–National Origins Act)
Two pieces of US legislation passed in the 1920s that restricted immigration to the country, particularly from non-European countries. The laws were designed to protect American jobs and to preserve the country's racial and ethnic makeup.
61
KKK
The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist organization that arose in the US South in the late 19th century and became a powerful political force during the 1920s. The group was known for its violence against African Americans, immigrants, and other minority groups.
62
Scopes Trial (1925)
A high-profile court case in 1925 in which Tennessee teacher John T. Scopes was tried for violating a state law that prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.
63
Great Migration
The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West during the early 20th century, in search of better job opportunities and an escape from racial discrimination and violence.
64
18th Amendment
A US constitutional amendment ratified in 1919 that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.
65
Volstead Act
A federal law passed in 1919 that enforced the provisions of the 18th Amendment and established penalties for the violation of prohibition.
66
19th Amendment
A US constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that granted women the right to vote.
67
Harding Scandals (Teapot Dome)
A series of political scandals during the administration of President Warren G. Harding in the early 1920s, including the Teapot Dome scandal, in which government officials were accused of accepting bribes in exchange for leasing federal land to private companies.
68
Economics of 1920s (Mellon)
Refers to the economic policies of Andrew Mellon, who served as Secretary of the Treasury under three Republican presidents in the 1920s. Mellon's policies included tax cuts, reduced government spending, and a focus on balanced budgets. His policies contributed to the economic boom of the 1920s, but also led to income inequality and a concentration of wealth in the hands of the few.
69
Henry Ford
Henry Ford was an American industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry with the introduction of the assembly line and mass production techniques. He founded the Ford Motor Company in 1903 and was instrumental in making automobiles affordable to the average American consumer.
70
Consumer Culture
Refers to a culture that places a high value on buying and owning goods and services, and where personal identity is often tied to material possessions. The 1920s saw the rise of consumer culture in the United States, as new technologies and mass production made consumer goods more widely available.
71
Credit
Refers to the practice of borrowing money to purchase goods or services. The widespread availability of credit in the 1920s contributed to the growth of consumer culture and the economic boom of the era.
72
Radio
Refers to the development and widespread adoption of radio technology in the 1920s. Radio played a significant role in shaping American culture, as it allowed for the dissemination of news and information, as well as entertainment and advertising.
73
Advertising
Refers to the practice of promoting and selling products or services through various forms of media, such as print, radio, television, and the internet. Advertising became increasingly sophisticated in the 1920s, as companies sought to appeal to consumers in new and innovative ways.
74
Harlem Renaissance
Refers to a cultural movement that emerged in the 1920s and centered around African American writers, artists, and musicians in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. The Harlem Renaissance is widely regarded as a key moment in the development of African American culture and a significant event in American history.
75
Depression Warning Signs
Refers to the economic indicators that preceded the Great Depression, such as a decline in industrial production, a decrease in consumer spending, and a rise in unemployment.
76
McNary-Haugen
Refers to a series of farm relief bills proposed by Congress in the 1920s to support agricultural prices. The McNary-Haugen bills were never passed into law, but they were a precursor to the agricultural policies implemented during the New Deal.
77
Causes of the Great Depression
Refers to the complex set of economic and social factors that contributed to the Great Depression, including the stock market crash of 1929, overproduction and excess investment in the 1920s, and a lack of effective government regulation.
78
Hoover: RFC
Refers to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, a government agency established by President Herbert Hoover in 1932 to provide loans to struggling banks, railroads, and other businesses during the Great Depression.
79
Where is Prosperity?
Refers to a speech given by President Hoover in 1928, in which he claimed that the American economy was strong and that prosperity was just around the corner. The speech has since become infamous for its poor timing, as the economy soon entered a severe downturn.
80
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Refers to a protectionist tariff passed by Congress in 1930, which raised tariffs on imported goods to record levels. The tariff is widely regarded as a contributing factor to the Great Depression, as it led to retaliation by other countries and a decline in international trade.
81
Bonus Army (1932)
A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington D.C. to demand immediate payment of their military bonus, which was not due to be paid until 1945. President Hoover ordered the U.S. Army to forcibly remove the veterans, which resulted in violence and caused public outrage.
82
1932 Election
The presidential election in which Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated incumbent President Herbert Hoover in a landslide victory, largely due to the public's dissatisfaction with Hoover's handling of the Great Depression.
83
3 Rs of the New Deal
The New Deal programs and policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, which focused on Relief for the unemployed and poor, Recovery of the economy, and Reform of the financial system to prevent future economic crises.
84
Changing the role of Government Part 2
The continued expansion of the federal government's role in society and the economy during the New Deal era, including the creation of new regulatory agencies and the establishment of social welfare programs.
85
1st Hundred Days
The first 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency, during which he implemented a wide range of New Deal policies and programs to address the economic crisis of the Great Depression.
86
Bank Holiday
A period of several days in March 1933 during which President Roosevelt closed all banks in the United States in order to prevent a run on the banks and stabilize the financial system.
87
Alphabet Agencies
A nickname for the numerous federal agencies and programs established during the New Deal era, many of which were known by their initials, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), and the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation).
88
Alphabet Agencies
A nickname for the numerous federal agencies and programs established during the New Deal era, many of which were known by their initials, such as the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), and the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation).
89
2nd New Deal (1935-WPA, Wagner Act, Social Security)
The second phase of New Deal reforms and programs, including the creation of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to provide employment and the Social Security Act, which established a system of old-age pensions and unemployment insurance.
90
Keynesian Economics
An economic theory that advocates for government intervention in the economy during times of economic downturns to stimulate demand and increase employment.
91
1936 Election
The presidential election in which Franklin D. Roosevelt won a second term in a landslide victory, defeating Republican nominee Alf Landon.
92
Roosevelt Coalition
A coalition of voters that supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Democratic Party during the New Deal era, including labor unions, African Americans, and urban and rural voters.
93
American Liberty League
An organization founded by conservative opponents of the New Deal who believed that it was an unconstitutional expansion of government power.
94
Huey Long
A populist politician from Louisiana who advocated for redistribution of wealth and the "Share Our Wealth" program, which called for a cap on individual wealth and income and the establishment of a national pension for the elderly.
95
Father Coughlin
A Roman Catholic priest who had a popular radio program and advocated for a more radical economic agenda, including nationalizing the banking system and implementing a minimum income.
96
Francis Townsend
A retired physician who advocated for a pension program for the elderly, which was eventually incorporated into the Social Security Act.
97
Court Packing
President Roosevelt's controversial proposal to add additional Supreme Court justices in order to ensure that his New Deal programs would be upheld by the Court.
98
Roosevelt Recession (1937)
A period of economic contraction in 1937-38 that was caused by a reduction in government spending and a tightening of monetary policy.
99
Stimson Doctrine (1932)
A US foreign policy statement issued by Secretary of State Henry Stimson, which declared that the US would not recognize any territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria.
100
Johnson (NR) Debt Default Act (1934)
A law passed by the US Congress that prohibited American citizens and institutions from making new loans to any country that had defaulted on its debts to the US government.
101
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
A law that granted the Philippines independence after a ten-year transition period, during which time the US would retain military and economic control over the islands.
102
Good Neighbor Policy (Hoover then FDR)
A US foreign policy adopted during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to improve relations with Latin American countries, promote economic cooperation, and support democratic governments in the region.
103
Neutrality Acts (1935–Embargo if war, 1936–continue embargo)
A series of laws passed by the US Congress aimed at keeping the US out of foreign conflicts. The 1935 act prohibited US arms sales to belligerent nations, while the 1936 act extended this prohibition to include loans and credits.
104
Civil Wars exempt
The Neutrality Acts exempted civil wars from their provisions, allowing the US to provide aid to either side of a conflict if it was deemed in the national interest.
105
1937–No ship travel
The 1937 Neutrality Act prohibited American citizens from traveling on ships belonging to belligerent nations.
106
No Spain
The Neutrality Acts prohibited the US from providing aid to either side in the Spanish Civil War.
107
Cash and Carry
A provision of the 1937 Neutrality Act that allowed the US to sell non-military goods to belligerent nations as long as they paid cash and transported the goods on their own ships.
108
1939–Extend Cash and Carry
The 1939 Neutrality Act extended the Cash and Carry provision to include military goods, but required belligerent nations to transport them on their own ships.
109
Nye Committee (1936)
A US Senate committee chaired by Gerald Nye that investigated the causes of US involvement in World War I and concluded that the arms industry had played a significant role in promoting war.
110
Quarantine Speech (1937)
A speech given by President Roosevelt in which he called for a "quarantine" of aggressive nations in order to prevent the spread of war.
111
Destroyers/Bases (1940)
An agreement between the US and Great Britain in which the US provided Britain with 50 old destroyers in exchange for the right to build military bases on British-controlled territory in the Caribbean.
112
America First Committee
A non-interventionist group formed in 1940 that opposed US involvement in World War II.
113
4 Freedoms
A set of ideals outlined by President Roosevelt in a 1941 speech, which included freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
114
Lend-Lease
A program authorized by the US Congress in 1941 that allowed the US to provide military aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations without requiring payment, in order to support the war effort against the Axis powers.
115
Arsenal of Democracy
A phrase used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to describe the United States as a supplier of war materials to the Allied powers during World War II.
116
Atlantic Charter (1941)
A joint declaration issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941, which outlined the Allied vision for the post-war world, including the principles of self-determination and collective security.
117
Pearl Harbor (12/7/41)
A surprise attack by the Japanese on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, which led to the United States' entry into World War II.
Homefront: The domestic front of a nation at war, which includes the mobilization of resources and the support of the war effort by civilians.
118
Japanese Incarceration-Executive Order 9066-1942
An executive order issued by President Roosevelt in February 1942, which authorized the forced relocation and incarceration of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States during World War II.
119
A. Phillip Randolph
A prominent African American labor leader and civil rights activist who fought against discrimination and segregation in the United States, particularly in the workforce and the military.
120
FEPC
The Fair Employment Practices Commission, a federal agency established during World War II to investigate and address racial discrimination in employment practices.
121
Women in workforce/military
Women played a crucial role in the US war effort during World War II, filling jobs left vacant by men who had gone to fight overseas and serving in the military in various capacities.
122
Government control of economy
During World War II, the US government exercised a high degree of control over the economy in order to mobilize resources for the war effort, including the regulation of prices, wages, and production.
123
Rationing
A system of controlling the distribution of scarce goods and resources during a time of shortage or crisis, such as during World War II, when certain items were rationed in order to ensure that everyone had access to basic necessities.
124
Victory Gardens
Gardens planted by civilians during World War II to supplement their rationed food supply and support the war effort.
125
GI Bill (1944)
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, which provided benefits to World War II veterans, including educational and training opportunities, home loan guarantees, and unemployment compensation.
126
Midway (1942)
A major naval battle fought in June 1942 near the Midway Islands in the Pacific, which marked a turning point in the Pacific theater of World War II and is considered one of the most significant naval battles in history.
127
Torch (1943)
A military campaign launched by the Allies in November 1942, which involved the invasion of North Africa and marked the first major US military operation of World War II.
128
Overlord (1944)
The code name for the Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, which marked a major turning point in the war in Europe and led to the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.
129
Island Hopping
A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific theater of World War II, which involved the capture of key strategic islands in order to establish air and naval bases closer to Japan.
130
Big 3 Conferences
A series of three wartime conferences held between the leaders of the Allied Powers during World War II to coordinate their war effort and to plan for the postwar world. The conferences were attended by the "Big Three" leaders, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States.
131
Tehran Conference (1943)
The first meeting of the Big Three, held in Tehran, Iran. The conference was held to discuss the coordination of military strategy and to plan the Allied invasion of Western Europe.
132
Yalta Conference (1945)
The second meeting of the Big Three, held in Yalta, Crimea. The conference was held to discuss the postwar reorganization of Europe, including the establishment of the United Nations, the partition of Germany, and the Soviet Union's entry into the war against Japan.
133
Potsdam Conference (1945)
The final meeting of the Big Three, held in Potsdam, Germany. The conference was held to discuss the postwar settlement of Germany and the demarcation of the boundaries of Poland, as well as to address the issue of war reparations and the trial of war criminals.
134
Manhattan Project
A secret American-led research and development project during World War II that produced the first atomic bombs. The project was conducted with the goal of producing a weapon that could bring a quick end to the war.
135
Death of FDR (4/12/45)
The death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, on April 12, 1945. Roosevelt had led the United States through most of World War II and had played a key role in the postwar settlement.
136
Truman
Harry S. Truman, the Vice President of the United States who became President after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Truman served as President from 1945 to 1953 and played a key role in the postwar reconstruction of Europe and the beginning of the Cold War.
137
VE Day (5/8/45)
Victory in Europe Day, celebrated on May 8, 1945, to mark the end of World War II in Europe.
138
Atomic Bomb (8/6/45, 8/9/45)
The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The bombings were carried out by the United States with the aim of bringing a quick end to the war with Japan.
139
VJ Day (9/2/45)
Victory over Japan Day, celebrated on September 2, 1945, to mark the formal surrender of Japan and the end of World War II.
140
Holocaust
The systematic persecution and murder of six million Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II, as well as the murder of millions of other groups, including Romani people, people with disabilities, homosexuals, and political dissidents.
141
Post-war challenges
The various political, economic, and social challenges faced by the world in the aftermath of World War II, including the reconstruction of Europe, the beginning of the Cold War, the rise of the United States as a superpower, the establishment of the United Nations, and the decolonization of Asia and Africa.
