Period 8

Question 1

President Nixon

Answer 1

• Took us off the gold standard, (I’m sure farmers are happy)
• Vietnamization; foreign policy
• Stagflation: Inflation and stagnant economy attempted to decrease spending but it only worsened the problem.
• Watergate Scandal & Impeachment

Question 2

President Eisenhower

Answer 2

• Credited for connecting the US through the construction of highways.
• Gave 1 billion dollars in aid to South Vietnam, for his foreign policy he was known for the domino theory. Which stated if SV fell soon others in the region would fall to communism.

Question 3

President Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)

Answer 3

• Civil Rights Act
• The Great Society (domestic programs, continuation of New Deal)
• Intensifying Vietnam war by sending troops
  -Southern Democrat, partially blamed for the shift in dem party voters.

Question 4

Tet offensive

Answer 4

A massive suprise attack by the North Vietnamese which inflicted heavy causlities on US troops. Which exposed the crebility gap and LBJ’s ablity to escalate the war.

Question 5

Mai Lai massacre

Answer 5

The introduction of the television showed Americans the bruatility of the war and the massive losses the Us had endured. The Mai Lai massacre was a massacre of a village of women, children and the eldery by the US as they were suspected to be Viet Chong members, which was untrue. Fueled anti-war sentiment.

Question 6

Pentagon papers

Answer 6

The Pentagon Papers were a top-secret U.S. government study, leaked in 1971 by Daniel Ellsberg, that revealed the U.S. government’s misleading actions and escalating involvement in the Vietnam War from 1945 to 1967. The documents showed that multiple administrations, particularly under Lyndon B. Johnson, had misrepresented the war’s progress and misled the public and Congress about the likelihood of success.

Question 7

Watergate

Answer 7

Watergate refers to the 1972 political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate Complex in Washington, D.C. It was discovered that members of President Richard Nixon’s administration had orchestrated the break-in and attempted to cover it up.

Question 8

Effects of Watergate

Answer 8

Nixon resigned before the the court proceedings for his impeachment trial could end. Which fueled distrust for the government.

Question 9

Title IX and the ERA

Answer 9

Banned any discrimination on the basis of gender in respect to education and women sports.
ERA = Equal Rights Amendemmt: prevents discrimnation on the basis of sex. (Did not pass because of efforts from Phyillis Schlafy)

Question 10

Environmental movement

Answer 10

The menlting of the nuclear reactor at 3mile island resulted in waste being leaked into the enviornment. Gave the enviornmental movement footing, with novels like “Silent Spring” by Rachel Carson which protested DDT pesticides. Nixon created the Envrionemtnal Protections Agency, and oversee and regulate enviornemental issues. + Clean Air Act

Question 11

Salt I and Salt II

Answer 11

SALT I and SALT II were arms control agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union aimed at limiting the production of nuclear weapons during the Cold War. (Nixon)

Question 12

Denete

Answer 12

Détente refers to the easing of tensions and improved relations between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War through arms control and diplomacy (roughly from the late 1960s to the late 1970s). - Richard Nixon

Question 13

Vietnamization

Answer 13

Nixon’s foreign policy. The removal of US soliders from Vietnam while still continuing aid and miutions. To carry out the war for themselves. Effetively ended the Vietnam war.

Question 14

Counterculture

Answer 14

Many folks apart of the counterculture protested the Vietnam war as they saw it as a inhumane effort that only resulted in dead loved ones. They also advocated for the sexual revolution which changed attitides about sex and contraceptives.

Question 15

The Cold War

Answer 15

The growing tension between the US and USSR after WWII. Though the Cold War played out in many proxy wars and even at one point teetering on full-on nuclear war, the two nations never fought an actual battle together.

Question 16

Cuban Missile crisis

Answer 16

Following the Bay of pigs, US servilaince discovered Soviet nukes being stockpiled in Cuba. Though crisis was soon averted as the USSR stepped down.

Question 17

Malcolm X😍😘 & Nation of Islam (NOI)

Answer 17

Malcolm X was a passionate Black Power Actvist who championed black pride and self-determination of African-Americans away from White insitiutions. He famously criticised MLK as a “Uncle Tom” as well as the March on Washington. His tenure with the NOI helped him gain his platform but after leaving he realized the faults of the NOI and changed his views to more a welcoming paternship between those of different races. PAVED THE WAY FOR THE BLACK PANTHERS

Question 18

Black Power movement

Answer 18

Starting with Malcolm X and the various race riots, the younger generation started the Black power movement. Using militant and self-determinism as their driving force. (e.g Black panthers) COINTELPRO often staged assinations, and suervaliance on Black Power leaders. (e.g, Assata Shakur, Fred Hampton, and Malcolm X)

Question 19

SNCC

Answer 19

Student Nonviolent cordinaiyng comitte. Organized Sit-ins, which were met with hostility and mass-arressts. But they contiuned to sit at the counters, they were trained in non-violence. These diners would change their policies.

Question 20

Iron Curtain

Answer 20

Winston Churchill famously said, “A Iron Curtain has descended across the continent,” referring to apparent divide between the communist East and the free-market West.

Question 21

Truman Doctrine

Answer 21

Harry Truman’s policy of containment aimed to lend support to any country that was threatened by Soviet Communism. To “contain” its spread. This doctrine was issued in response to Soviet pressure on Turkey and Greece to accommodate to their goals.

Question 22

Marshall Plan

Answer 22

Developed by Secretary of State, George Marshall. Allocated 13 billion dollars to European countries to rebuild after the war. The logic being, if countries were economically prosperous, they would be more likely to be capitalist/democratic. And it worked!

Question 23

Berlin Airlift

Answer 23

Soviet blockade attempted to absorb East Berlin. However, Taft sent supplies to Berlin after a Soviet blockade. Prevented the USSR from taking over the city.

Question 24

McCarthyism

Answer 24

Second wave of the Red Scare. Named after Senator Joseph McCarthy, who made absurd claims about a list of 205 names of communists within the US government. These claims helped McCarthy rise to prominence, but after unsuccessful attempts of providing evidence for his bold claims, he was censured.

Question 25

NATO

Answer 25

North Atlantic Treaty Organization to resist aggressive actions taken by the Soviet Union.

Question 26

Warsaw Pact

Answer 26

A counter-alliance to NATO, which did attempt to resist aggressive actions taken by NATO.

Question 27

Arms race ("Nuclear proliferation")

Answer 27

Both the US and the Soviet Union began developing nuclear bombs. Truman in response to Soviet developments and testing ordered the creation of the hydrogen bomb. The Soviet Union would soon follow, making an H-bomb themselves.

Question 28

Deterrence

Answer 28

deterrence aims to maintain peace by ensuring that any potential aggressor understands that the costs of their actions will far outweigh any potential benefits.

Question 29

Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

Answer 29

There was a mutual understanding that in utilizing these powerful nuclear bombs against each other would mean mutually assured destruction.

Question 30

Korean War

Answer 30

An example of a Cold War-era proxy war. Korea was a Japanese colonty before the end of WWII, afterwards it was split along the 38th parallel. Affairs in the north were Soviet controlled and the South was US-controlled. The conflict sparked when NK invaded South Korea. SK had the support of the US and NATO, and NK had the support of the USSR and China. Both sides made significant offensive gains, but in the end the peninsula was still split at the 38th parallel. (Result of the Truman Doctrine)

Question 31

Military Industrial Complex

Answer 31

Coined by Einsenhower. It describes the system where military needs and the production of arms are closely tied to economic and political interests, often leading to policies that favor military spending, industry and the continuation of war, even when it might not be in the best interest of the general population. (e.g the Vietnam war)

Question 32

Baby Boom (Boomer generation)

Answer 32

After WWII, a spike in birth rates resulted in 50 million people being added to the US population between the years 1946-1964. (These folks would later become apart of the counterculture movement)

Question 33

White flight to the Suburbs

Answer 33

During the baby boom, many white middle-class folk opted to live in the suburbs to establish their family, as well as the fact that automobiles were more accessible and roadways were being created, which allowed for living outside of the urban area.

Question 34

Gi Bill

Answer 34

Awarded to veterans of WWII, they were given assistance for obtaining education or housing and businesses.

Question 35

Great Society

Answer 35

LBJ's Great Society was seen as extention of FDR's New Deal. Tagarted poverty by creating social programs such as the office of economic opportunity. He was greatly aided by a dem majority in Congress. Passed Medicare (65+) and Medicaid (health insurance for those in poverty. Abolished immigration quotas. (Peak of liberalism)

Question 36

Warren Court

Answer 36

A period when Earl Warren served as chief supreme court justice. Gideon v. Wainright - Poor folk needed to be assigned an atterony by the state Griswold v. Connecticut - Protects a person right to contraception. (Later Roe v Wade) Engel v. Vitale Unconsitional to recite prayer in school; separation of church and state. Extended liberalism into the courts.

Question 37

Levittown

Answer 37

Levittown was a notable suburb. Named after William Levitt and first started in Levittown, NY. The mass produced, homogeneous homes realitively cheap homes attracted many GIs wanting to settle down. Though, it was also known to actively discriminated against those who were non-white attempting to buy a home.

Question 38

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Answer 38

In Montogmery, AL busses were segregated. Rosa parks refusal to give up her seat and she was subsequently arrested. The boy cott lasted a year and the bus companies could not sustain themselves so agreed that Black passnegers no longer had to yield their seats to white passengers.

Question 39

Martin Luther King

Answer 39

- Letters from a Montgomery jail cell (Attacked moderate clergymen) - Leader of the civil rights movement - Assinated from a hotel balcony - I have a dream speech (march on Washington) -Civil disobedience (From Ghandi)

Question 40

Little Rock 9

Answer 40

In response to Govenor Faubus the NAACP registered 9 students with perfect attendance and grades to go to Little Rock HS. And to protect these students president Eisenhower sent federal troops.

Question 41

Brown v. Board of education

Answer 41

Oilver Brown, plantiff whose young daughter had to attend a black school further away as opposed to the white school that was around the corner. The argument was that segregation violated the provisions of the 14th amendemnt which granted equal protections. This case was appealed until it reached the supreme court where it was decided on uniamously in favor of Brown. Overturning Plessy v. Ferguson. (Separate facilities were inherently unequal) Schools were integrated!

Question 42

SCLC

Answer 42

Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Organized in Montgomery for peaceful portest but were met with firehoses and brutality. Against both adults and children. (See: Childrens crusade)

Question 43

Voting rights act of 1964

Answer 43

Purpose: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 aimed to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places, schools, and employment.

Question 44

Vietnam War

Answer 44

Indochina was deconolozed and was split at the 17 paralell. Until an election could be held. In the North it was ruled by the communist Ho Chi Minh, while South Vietnam remained democractic. This would set the stage for another proxy war. Note: JFK sent military advisors

Question 45

Roe v Wade

Answer 45

Crowning achievement of womens rights. Allowed for women the right to choose to have an abortion. American conservatives made it their mission to strike his down.

Question 46

OPEC OIL EMBARGO & YOM KIPPUR

Answer 46

The OPEC Oil Embargo(1973) was a response by Arab oil-producing countries to U.S. support for Israel during the **Yom Kippur War** (October 6–25, 1973), in which Egypt and Syria attacked Israel. In retaliation, **OPEC** imposed an oil embargo on the U.S. and other nations backing Israel, leading to a **global oil crisis**, skyrocketing fuel prices, and economic disruptions in Western countries. The embargo highlighted the political power of oil and had long-lasting effects on global energy policies and U.S.-Middle East relations.

Question 47

US ideologies concerning the Cold War

Answer 47

The United States was a free-market, capitalist, and democratic country that believed that such economic and political models should be replicated worldwide. Despite their claims of liberty for all, they still faced many domestic issues such as racism, segregation, and inequality for marginalized communities.

Question 48

USSR ideologies concerning the Colf War

Answer 48

On the other hand, the USSR practiced communism, was controlled by one party, and its leaders were largely authoritarian. And it hoped to spread these ideologies worldwide.

Question 49

Satellite states

Answer 49

After the Yalta conference, Stalin continued to have troops stationed in Eastern European countries and failed to give these countries self-determination. This was done in order to create a buffer zone in scenario that Germany would start another World War.

Question 50

Berlin

Answer 50

In the Yalta agreement, Berlin was also split up between the four powers(Berlin was situated on the USSR's side). East Berlin resembled a satellite state, that the USSR intended to keep weak, however, Western nations (US, UK, FRANCE) wanted to help Germany economically for a stable central Europe.

Question 51

Taft-Harley Act

Answer 51

A result of the second wave of the Red Scare. Made it difficult for unions to mobilize. Furthermore, union leaders had to pledge allegiance to the United States and not to communism.

Question 52

Rosenburg Case

Answer 52

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of providing espionage to the Soviet Union surrounding the development of the atomic bomb. They were sentenced to the electric chair, but their involvement in this crime remains unsubstantiated.

Question 53

Beatniks/ The Beat generation

Answer 53

The Beat generation sought to rebel against the conformity through their poetry. Some notable beatniks include Jack Kerouac whose novel entitled On the Road, rejected statndard poetry conventions and championed sponaiety and travel. Another such example is J.D Salinger "Catcher in the Rye" a novel about a cynical teenager who had a distaste for phoniness, an allusions to conformity.

Question 54

Conformity post-WWII

Answer 54

After the resolution of WWII and an rise in MacCarthyism, many Americans opted to conform to not arise suspicion of being an enemy of the state. Futhermore, the spread of the television provided a platform for the consumption of mass culture. Notable examples include "Leave it to Beaver" which protrayed conformity on the television screen. Perputated same values among Americans. (+ Rock-n-Roll)

Question 55

Advertisments

Answer 55

With the prosperity of the times many Americans in the middle class had more disposable income. Rather than advertisting goods for survival they rather played on viewers emotional needs to sell their products. Whether that be belonging or status. (Around this time credit cards were introduced to increase consumer spending and have them pay it off over time.)

Question 56

Executive order 9981 (Harry Truman)

Answer 56

Bans segregation in the United States armed forces. Was not enforced until the Korean war began, 2 years after it was signed. Truman was advised to pass this order by the Civil Rights committee. (Also recommended removing poll tax)

Question 57

24th amendment

Answer 57

Removed the poll tax, placed on African Americans in the south.

Question 58

The Southern manifesto and Orval Faubus

Answer 58

After the Brown decision, Souther states believed it was an abuse of power from higher courts and resisted integration. Arkansas govenor Orval Faubus, a well known segregationist, called the national guard to prevent black students from entering Little Rock High School. (Listen to Fables of Faubus - Charles Mingus)

Question 59

Bay of pigs

Answer 59

The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed and embarrasing military operation. In which a group of Cuban exiles, backed and trained by the CIA, attempted to overthrow the communist government of Fidel Castro, but wasquickly defeated by Cuban armed forces. It only strengthened Castro’s position in Cuba while pushing him closer to an alliance with the USSR.

Question 60

Operation Ajax

Answer 60

The CIA helped overthrow Iran’s democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh and reinstalled the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi because the prime minster wanted to nationalize Iran's oil, which was a problem for the oil-dependent West. It's important to note that the Shah was a very opressive and dictatorial leader.

Question 61

Gulf Tonkin resolution

Answer 61

It was an Incident which refers to a confrontation between U.S. naval vessels and North Vietnamese forces in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of Vietnam. Allegedly, U.S. ships were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. In response, the U.S. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to use military force in Vietnam without a formal declaration of war. Sparked debate around if it was an abuse of executive power.

Question 62

The Feminine Mystique

Answer 62

Novel by Betty Fridan. In which she interviewed suburban house wives who felt imprionsied in the home, and felt as though they were giving up an aspect of their own needs for thier families. Spught to disprove myths that women didn't want to become educated or obtain jobs. White women focused

Question 63

Latino/Chicano movement

Answer 63

Delorse Huetra and Cesar Chavez formed the united farm workers to protect the interests of migrant farm workers. Staged grape boycotts to increase wages.

Question 64

American Indian movement

Answer 64

Gained greater autonomy, the occupation of Alcatraz was a cornerstone for this movement. Led the way for the self-determination which gave American indians great self autonomy over schools, lands, and law enforcement.

Question 65

Gay Liberation

Answer 65

The raid at the Stone Wall INN, a well known gay bar, its presence threatend anti-gay laws at the time. So in response they protested, paving the way for the gay rights movement. Soon, their efforts paid off as homosexuality changed from a mental illness to a sexuality.