Periods 1&2 passoff Flashcards
(25 cards)
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Pope divides world for Portugal and Spain to colonize and Catholicize. Spain is granted the Americas minus Brazil.
Spanish Conquistadors
led expeditions to explore and plunder the American interior. Encomienda system gives them responsibility for converting and supporting all the Native Americans in a certain area in exchange for the right to tax them.
Pueblo Revolt
Spanish Franciscan monks established missions in New Mexico, forcing the Native Americans to convert and abandon all earlier beliefs. Led by Popé, the Pueblo Indians successfully pushed the Spanish out for a decade. Later Spanish were more flexible and willing to coexist with the Native Americans.
The Columbian Exchange
the diffusion of plants, animals, and diseases between the New World and Old World. (1) Old World diseases decimate Native American populations making conquest easier. (2) Corn and Potatoes from the New World cause a population boom in Europe which leads to more immigration to the New World.
Bartolomé De Las Casas
Spanish Dominican Friar who opposed his country’s harsh treatment of Native Americans in his book “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies.”
Mercantilism
An economic theory that defined wealth by amount of gold reserves. European powers established colonies to boost their access to raw materials (whether gold, furs, or tobacco) and limit imports from other countries.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Privateer who named Virginia after Queen Elizabeth and financed the unsuccessful Roanoke colony.
Jamestown’s early struggles
The location in a malarial swamp, focus on treasure-seeking, and being surrounded by the Powhatan Confederacy led to the “starving time” winter of 1609.
Chesapeake Bay cash crop
After John Rolfe pioneers the growing of labor-intensive tobacco, migration to the Chesapeake Bay (Virginia and Maryland) increases as the headright system grants wealthy planters 50 acres for each indentured servant they pay to bring over.
Rise of hereditary chattel slavery
The first Africans arrive in Jamestown in 1619 and are treated similarly to indentured servants. The profitability of tobacco, longer life spans, fewer indentured servants, and lower prices for slaves led to the gradually codifying of slavery through laws that defined Africans as property.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon leads backcountry farmers who have less desirable land and more risk of Indian attack in a revolt against the eastern seaboard elite planters. Afterwards, planters shift from indentured servants to African enslaved persons.
House of Burgesses
The first elected representative assembly in the British colonies, established in Jamestown in 1619.
Samuel de Champlain
Founder of Quebec on the St. Lawrence River. French fur traders (courier de bois) and Jesuit priests partnered with Great Lakes tribes like the Algonquin and Huron, rather than enslaving or pushing them off their land.
The Mayflower Compact
Governing document signed by all separatist pilgrim “saints” as well as “strangers” who settled Plymouth in Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Governed by William Bradford, the early Pilgrims were helped by the disease-weakened Wampanoag tribe.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Settled by middle-class English Puritan families in tightly-knit townships with
subsistence farms surrounding the church. Declared by Governor John Winthrop to be a “city upon a hill” example to the Anglican Church.
Puritan Theocracy
Puritans were a persecuted minority in England who become a persecuting majority in Massachusetts. Only male church members could vote, and dissenters like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson were forced to leave.
Puritan Work Ethic
As Calvinists who believed God had pre-destined everyone for salvation or damnation, Puritans believed pious living and material prosperity despite New England’s rocky soil were signs that they were the “elect” or “visible saints.”
Praying Towns
Communities founded by Puritan John Eliott to convert Native Americans. Overall, the British were less interested in converting natives than the French or Spanish.
Old Deluder Act
Puritans valued literacy so individuals could access God’s word directly. In addition to founding Harvard for the training of new ministers, they passed this law requiring any Massachusetts township with more than 50 families to provide public schooling.
King Philip’s War
Wampanoag chief Metacom led a coalition of tribes in a last ditch attempt to stop Puritan encroachment on their lands. The bloodiest war per capita in American history killed more than 20% of the New England colonists and more Natives.
no “established” church
Colonies with the most religious freedom include (1) Rhode Island – founded by Roger Williams who believed “forced religion stinks in God’s nostrils, (2) Pennsylvania – founded by Quaker William Penn, and (3) Maryland – founded by Catholic Lord Baltimore.
Stono Rebellion
The largest slave rebellion of the colonial period happened in South Carolina, where over 60% of the population were Africans enslaved on rice, indigo, or cotton plantations. The out-numbered whites’ fear of copy-cat revolts led to harsh slave codes restricting slaves’ ability to gather, learn to read/write, or leave plantations.
James Oglethorpe
Founder of Georgia. Originally intended as a colony for debtors to work off debts by
producing silk and wine for the mother country, Georgia quickly became a slave-based plantation society.
Benign or Salutary Neglect
Before the French and Indian War, British colonies were used to autonomy and no
interference from Britain. The mercantilist Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade and manufacturing, but were only loosely enforced.
