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Microscopic anatomy > Peripheral blood > Flashcards

Peripheral blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major components of blood

A

Formed elements and Plasma

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2
Q

What is in the Formed elements of blood

A

Leukocytes, Erythrocytes and platelets

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3
Q

What proteins are in plasma

A

Albumin, gamma globulins, Fibrinogen, complement proteins and other solutes

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4
Q

What does albumin do

A

maintains osmotic pressure of blood and transports water insoluble substances

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5
Q

What is function of Fibrinogen (which is part of blood plasma)

A

It is necessary for the formation of blood clots

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6
Q

Complement proteins ( part of blood plasma)

A

Important for inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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7
Q

What other solutes are in blood plasma

A

Electrolytes such as ( Na, K, Ca) non-protein nitrogen substances (urea, uric acid, creatine) nutrients (glucose, lipids) blood gases (02, Co2) and Regulatory substances (hormones and enzymes)

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8
Q

Layers during Centrifugation

A 
Lowest layer (45% blood vol) : Erythrocytes
Middle layer ( 1% blood vol): Leukocytes and platelets
Upper layer (more than 50%): blood pasma
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9
Q

What is Hematocrit

A

% of blood volume occupied by red blood cells

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10
Q

Structure of Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave ; No nuclei; Large surface to vol ratio

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11
Q

Factors influencing ability of red blood cell to change shape

A

geometry ; viscosity of cytoplasm ; properties of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Plasma Membrane structure of Red blood cells

A

Trilaminar and has membrane skeleton

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13
Q

Membrane Skeleton structure of Red blood cells

A

Network of peripheral proteins which are attached to cytoplasmic side of lipid bilayer ; Composed of Spectrin, actin and protein 4.1

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14
Q

Hemoglobin in Erythrocytes

A

1/3 of cell weight ; cause of cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia ; is a tetramer of 4 globin polypeptide chains : each polypeptide is associated with a heme group ; each heme group is a protoporphyrin associated with iron.

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15
Q

Hemoglobin A1

A

Major form in adults. Consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains

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16
Q

Hemoglobin A2

A

Minor form in adults (5%) . Consists of 2 alpha chains and 2 delta polypeptide chains

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17
Q

Hemoglobin F

A

Made during intrautrine period, Consists of 2 alpha polypeptide chains and 2 gamma

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18
Q

Structure of Hemoglobin S

A

Single mutation in DNA coding for beta polypeptide chain. It is a change from glutamic acid to valine

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19
Q

Life span of Erythrocytes

A

Survive in circulation for 120 days. aging red blood cells are taken out by macrophages in the spleen, liver and bone marrow

20
Q

What are Reticulocytes and other info we need to know

A

They are red blood cells recently released from bone marrow ; Have a small amount of ribosomal RNA ; Stain with brilliant cresyl blue ; About 1% of total circulating erythrocytes ;

21
Q

What is important about Reticulocyte production?

A

it is useful indicator of rate of erythrocyte production;
- diagnosis and classificiations of anemias
-monitor tx of anemia
-monitor bone marrow regeneration
-

22
Q

Where do Leukocytes function

A

outside of blood vessels

23
Q

How do leukocytes get outside of blood vessels

A

By DIAPEDESIS ; means they go between or through cells

24
Q

Classification of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes or agranulocytes

25
Q

Types of cells within Granulocyte category

A

Neutrophils ; Eosinophils ; Basophils

26
Q

Types of cells within Agranulocyte category

A

Mononcytes and Lymphocytes

27
Q

Structure at light microscope level of Neutrophils

A

12-15 um ; Polymorphonuclear (2-5 lobes) ; heterocromatic (not very active)

28
Q

Types of Cytoplasmic Granules in Neutrophils

A

Specific granules ; Azurophilic granules (primary)

29
Q

Characteristics of specific granules

A

very small ; staining qualities of cytoplasm (salmon pink) ; 80% of granule population

30
Q

Characteristics of Azurophilic granules

A

large ; Stain w Azure B ; Primary lysosomes

31
Q

Function of Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis, make superoxide, netosis, release microvesicles that have antibacterial activity, production of cytokines, die during process forming puss

32
Q

Characteristics of Neutrophil phagocytosis

A

are motile ; display chemotaxis (seak out bacteria) ; pseudopodia surround bacteria forming phagosomes ; specific granules fuse with phagosome

33
Q

Once specific granules fuse with phagasome in neutrophils what happens

A

They release lysosymes (hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial wall) and lactoferrin ( iron binding protein)

34
Q

What happens after specific granules fuse and release there contents

A

Azurophilic granules fuse forming secondary lysosome. enzymes hydrolyze dead bacteria into small molecules

35
Q

Eosinophils are what % of Leukocytes

A

2-4%

36
Q

Eosinophil structure under light microscope

A

Bilobed nucleus, large eosinophilic specific granules

37
Q

Eosinophilic granule characteristics

A

contains hydrolytic enzymes and have a crystalline core which contains major basic protein

38
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

Phagocytosis, Secreation, possible role in asthma

39
Q

Characteristics of Phagocytosis in Eosinophils

A

Major basic protein within them kills larvae of parasites ; dispose of antigen-antibody complexes ; ganules fuse with phagasomes and digest material

40
Q

4 Characteristics of secretion in eosinophils

A

1: Secrete granule contents into extracellular space
2: Inactive mediators of inflammation
3: Synthesize Leukotriene C4 and platelet activiation factor
4: Produce a variety of cytokines

41
Q

What mediators of inflammation does Eosinophils inactivate

A
  • Histamine

- Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis

42
Q

What does synthesis of Leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor do

A
  • play a role in inflammation
  • can cause bronchoconstriction
  • can cause mucus hypersecretion
43
Q

What does Airway remodeling by Eosinophils do?

A
  • Increases smooth muscle
  • increases collagen in ECM
  • Goblet cell metaplasia
44
Q

% of Leukocytes that are Basophils

A

0-1%

45
Q

Characteristic structure of Basophils

A
  • Nucleus is less segmented

- Nucleus usually obscured by cytoplasmic granules that stain intensely with Azure B

46
Q

What are granules in Basophils filled with

A
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • SRS-A (Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis)
47
Q

What is the function of Basophils

A

Play a role in inflammation ; Immediate hypersensitivity reaction ; Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

Microscopic anatomy (2 decks)

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