peripheral blood

Question 1

blood is connective tissue, so its two primary constituents are…?

Answer 1

cells and ECM

Question 2

what is the ECM of blood?

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

what are the components of plasma

Answer 3

90% water. plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), nutrients (amino acids, glucose, lipids) waste products (urea, uric acid), control substances (hormones, enzymes), electrolytes and gases

Question 4

what is a normal hematocrit?

Answer 4

35-49%

Question 5

what is a normal hemoglobin?

Answer 5

13.5-17.5 mg/100mL

Question 6

what are normal Na levels?

Answer 6

135-145 mEq/L

Question 7

what are normal K levels?

Answer 7

3.5-5.1 mEq/L

Question 8

what are normal HCO3 levels?

Answer 8

22-29 mEq/L

Question 9

what are normal Cl levels?

Answer 9

98-106 mEq/L

Question 10

what are normal Ca levels?

Answer 10

8.4-10.2 mg/100mL

Question 11

what is fasting glucose level?

Answer 11

75-115 mg/100mL

Question 12

erthrocyte levels in males? females?

Answer 12

4.3-5.7 e6/ ul ; 3.9-5.0 e6/ul

Question 13

what are normal leaukocyte levels?

Answer 13

4-10 e3/ul

Question 14

neutrophils percentage

Answer 14

50-70%

Question 15

eosinophil percentage

Answer 15

2-5%

Question 16

basophil percentage

Answer 16

0-1%

Question 17

lymphocyte percentage

Answer 17

20-30%

Question 18

monocyte percentage

Answer 18

3-8%

Question 19

what are normal platelet levels?

Answer 19

150-450 e3/ul

Question 20

do erythrocytes have nuclei?

Answer 20

no

Question 21

what shape are erythrocytes and why?

Answer 21

biconcave disk to maximizes SA exposure to hemoglobin

Question 22

what proteins are relevant in the shape of the erythrocyte?

Answer 22

spectrin and actin

Question 23

how big are erythrocytes

Answer 23

8 um

Question 24

what is a erythrocyte precursor?

Answer 24

reticulocyte

Question 25

what is the life span of an erythrocyte?

Answer 25

120 days

Question 26

what are the characteristics of granulocytes?

Answer 26

azurophilic granules and specific granules

Question 27

what are the granulocytes?

Answer 27

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 28

describe neutrophils. lifespan? purpose?

Answer 28

most common cell type, multilobed nuclei. only last a few hours in circulation but years in tissue. phagocytose bacteria. contains glycogen for energy

Question 29

describe eosinophils. purpose?

Answer 29

bilobed nuclei. cats-eye granules with major basic protein. elevated with worm and allergic reactions

Question 30

describe basophils. purpose?

Answer 30

dark specific granules with heparine and histamine

Question 31

describe monocytes. purpose?

Answer 31

largest leukocyte. differentiates into macrophage

Question 32

describe diapedesis

Answer 32

rolling on epithelium with low affinity bonds. adhesion of ICAM proteins to wall. transendothelial migratoin via iL8 gradient. secretion of attraction chemokines.

Question 33

"drumstick"

Answer 33

inactivated x chromosome sometimes visible in granulocytes

Question 34

describe platelets. formation? lifespan?

Answer 34

disk shaped cell fragments w/ 10 day life span. circumferential microtubule band. extensive glycocalyx for signaling and receiving. extensive actin and myosin for shape change.

Question 35

what are the 3 types of granules in platelets?

Answer 35

alpha- coagulation factors; delta- ATP, ADP, serotonin, histamine (vasoconstriction/platelet formation) lambda- hydrolytic enzymes for clot dissolution