Peripheral Nervous System

Question 1

Sympathetic Nervous System Location

Answer 1

Ganglia are close to the CNS alongside of Vertebral Column (sympathetic trunk ganglia) and anterior to the Vertebral column prevertebral ganglia)

Question 2

Sympathetic Receptors

Answer 2

alpha, beta 1 and beta 2.
When the alpha receptor is stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, the arteries constrict. This increases the blood pressure and the blood flow returning to the heart

Question 3

Parasympathetic Receptors

Answer 3

muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors
receptor is stimulated, it causes a decrease in the heart rate, a decrease in heart contractility and a decrease in the size of the bronchioles. When we are at rest, we can slow down and conserve energy.

Question 4

Parasympathetic neurotransmitter

Answer 4

All preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release ACH

Question 5

Sympathetic Neurotransmitter

Answer 5

All preganglionic fibers release ACH. Most postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine fibers. Postganglionic serving sweat glands release
ACH.
Neurotransmitter activity is augumented by release of adrenal medullary hormones
(Norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Question 6

Bell’s Palsy

Answer 6

Paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and partial loss of taste sensation.

Question 7

Parasympathetic actions

Answer 7

D. Division
Digestion
Defection
Diuresis (urination)

Conserves energy

Question 8

Sympathetic Actions

Answer 8

E division
Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarrassment

Flight or Fight

Question 9

Parasympathetic location

Answer 9

Ganglia (terminal) are within the visceral organ( intramural) or close to organ served

Question 10

Dual innervation

Answer 10

Parasympathetic promotes maintain equal functions and conserves energy
And the sympathetic mobilizes body
Both serve same organs but cause opposite effects. While one stimulates certain smooth muscles to contract or gland to secrete the other inhibits that action.
ANTAGONISTIC CONTROL

Question 11

Sympathetic process

Answer 11

1) fibers originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
2a) preganglionic fibers are short
2b) postganglionic fibers are long
3) ganglia are close to spinal cord
Lateral horns and T1-L2

Question 12

Parasympathetic Process

Answer 12

1) Fibers originate in the brain stem
2a) preganglionic fibers are long
2b) postganglionic fibers are short
3) ganglia are within or near visceral effector organs
S2-s4

Question 13

Cerebral palsy

Answer 13

A neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled or paralyzed as a result of brain damage. Largest bases of physical disability.

Question 14

Proprioception difficulties

Answer 14

Is unaware of environment or feel secure in our environment. Feel scattered or disjointed.

Question 15

Sciatic nerve injury

Answer 15

Caused by fall, disc herniation or badly placed injection. Stabbing pain radiating over the course of the sciatic nerve, sometimes causing foot drop due to leg not being able to be flexed

Question 16

Trigeminal neuralgia

Answer 16

Caused by inflammation of trigeminal nerve, considered to produced most excruciating pain. In the face. A loop of artery view that compresses the trigeminal nerve near its exit from brainstem.

Question 17

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 17

Degeneration of dopamine. As neurons deteriorate the dopamine deprived basal nuclei they target becomes overactive.
GABA is a possible future treatment. This inhibits the abnormal Brian activity just as the electrical stimulation does and alleviating tremors

Question 18

The pathway of light

Answer 18

Light through the eye to the Cornea~
Aqueous humor~ 
Through pupil
Lens~ 
vitreous humor ~ 
Retina
Optic Nerve ~ Brain ~ Occipital Lobe

Question 19

The Pathway of Sound

Answer 19

Auricle

Question 20

Glaucoma

Answer 20

When Drainage in the aqueous humor is blocked, fluid backs up as a clogged sink. Pressure within the eye may increase to dangerous levels and compress the retina and optic nerve

Question 21

Presbyopia

Answer 21

Old people’s vision. Begins to set around 40 owing to decreasing lens elasticity. As a result, it begins to scatter light causing a glare that is distressing

Question 22

LASIK surgery

Answer 22

Surgeon creates a precise thin hinged corneal flap using a microkeratome. The surgeon then pulls back the flap to expose the underlying corneal tissue and then reshape a the cornea

Question 23

Motion sickness

Answer 23

Appears to be due to sensory input mismatches
Your vestibular apparatus detects movement and sends impulses that disagree with the visual information. Brain is confused when received by cortex

Question 24

Endoneurium

Answer 24

Enclosed fibers around myelin sheaths
Schwann cells.
Around Axon

Question 25

Perineurium

Answer 25

Binds groups of axons into bundles called axons

Question 26

Epineurium

Answer 26

Around the fascicles. | From dura matter of cns

Question 27

Nerves

Answer 27

Bundles of axons outside CNS. Along with associated connective tissues and blood vessels Part of Peripheral Nervous System

Question 28

I. Olfactory

Answer 28

Sensory (Smell) | Purely sensory

Question 29

II. Optic

Answer 29

Yes sensory only | Vision

Question 30

III. Oculomotor

Answer 30

Motor eyelid and eyeball movement | Causes pupillary construction

Question 31

IV. | Trochlear

Answer 31

Motor Interacted superior oblique Turns eye downward and laterally

Question 32

V. Trigeminal

Answer 32

``` Sensory and Motor Function Chewing face and mouth touch and pain The major sensory nerve of face Largest nerve ```

Question 33

VI. | Abducens

Answer 33

Motor Movement of eye to move eyeball laterally

Question 34

VII. | Facial

Answer 34

Mixed ``` Mixed nerves that chief motor nerves of face Controls facial expressions Secretion of tears and saliva Taste Impaired by Bell's palsy ```

Question 35

VIII. Vestibulocochlear

Answer 35

Sensory In sense of hearing and equilibrium. Hear & maintain balance

Question 36

IX. Glossopharyngeal

Answer 36

Mixed Sensory impulses for taste Senses carotid blood pressure

Question 37

X Vagus

Answer 37

``` Mixed Senses aortic blood pressure Slows heart rate Stimulates digestive organs Taste ``` Regulates heart activity 75 of sympathetic nerve

Question 38

XI. Accessory

Answer 38

Motor Movement of head Controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid Controls swallowing movements

Question 39

XII. Hypoglossal

Answer 39

Motor Functions in movement of tongue Serves the tongue muscles

Question 40

Cranial nerves nemonics

Answer 40

``` Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly ```

Question 41

Spinal nerves named and numbered

Answer 41

``` 8 pairs of cervical 12 pairs of thoracic 5 pairs of lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

Question 42

Spinal nerve

Answer 42

Mixed nerves | Carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between spinal cord and body

Question 43

Roots Vs Rami

Answer 43

Rootlets extend out of spinal cord medially and combine to forms ROOTS The roots combine to form the spinal nerve and then they split apart again and again and called RAMI. The dorsal root is posterior to the ventral (front) root

Question 44

Spinal nerves Plexuses

Answer 44

Except for T2-T12 anterior rami do not go directly to body structures but instead form plexus

Question 45

Shingles

Answer 45

Inflammation of virally infected sensory neurons serving the skin

Question 46

Reflexes

Answer 46

Fast involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occur in response to stimulus

Question 47

Somatic reflexes

Answer 47

Involves contraction of skeletal muscles Monosynaptic or polysynaptic Motor and sensory part of reflex arc Receptor is necessary

Question 48

Reflexes Autonomic reflex

Answer 48

Involved contraction of smooth or cardiac muscle or stimulation of gland. Often not perceived consciously

Question 49

Reflex Arc

Answer 49

The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest sensory nerve and motor nerve with a synapse between

Question 50

Flexor reflex

Answer 50

The withdrawal reflex( nociceptive or flexor withdrawal reflex) is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli

Question 51

Monosynaptic reflex arc

Answer 51

Synapse with motor neuron

Question 52

Polysynaptic

Answer 52

Synapse with one or more interneurons as well as motor neuron

Question 53

Stretch reflex

Answer 53

Maintains muscle tone in large postural muscles, adjusts it reflexively Causes muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length ( stretch) Receptors are muscle spindles

Question 54

Diagnostic value of testing reflex activity

Answer 54

Assessing condition of the Nervous System. Indicates degeneration or pathology of portions of the nerves, can pin point an area of a spinal cord Injury.

Question 55

Patellae reflex

Answer 55

Excited muscle spindles of quads. Afferent femoral nerve to Effexor nerve to make contrAction. And hamstring to resist

Question 56

somatic neurons

Answer 56

``` Somatic Voluntary effectors: strained muscles Single motor neuron from spinal cord to target organ NT always stimulatory ACH released at synapse Effector at rest is flaccid Function posture and movement ```

Question 57

Autonomic

Answer 57

``` Involuntary effectors Smooth & cardiac muscle glands Usually 2 neurons with synapse (Ganglion) between from spinal cord to target organ ACH and Ne released at synapse Effector at rest has intrinsic tone NT stimulators or inhibitory Visceral functions, including movement in internal organs and secretion; control of metabolism ```

Question 58

Glands that receive sympathetic input

Answer 58

Skin | Sweat glands, arrector pilli, vasculature, and adrenal glands

Question 59

Pupil of eye

Answer 59

Sympathetic Dilated Parasympathetic Constricts

Question 60

Salivary glands

Answer 60

Sympathetic Mucus enzymes Parasympathetic Watery secretion

Question 61

Heart

Answer 61

Sympathetic Increases rate and forces of contraction Parasympathetic Slows rate

Question 62

Lungs

Answer 62

Sympathetic Bronchioles dislates Parasympathetic Bronchioles constrict

Question 63

Digestive tracts

Answer 63

Sympathetic Decreases motility and secretion Parasympathetic Increased motility and secretion

Question 64

Sensation

Answer 64

Conscious or subconscious detention of changes in the extern or internal environment

Question 65

Perception

Answer 65

Is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

Question 66

Sensory modality

Answer 66

One unique type of sensation General senses- somatic and visceral Receptors Special senses- Receptors for smell, taste vision hearing and equilibrium

Question 67

Process of sensation

Answer 67

``` Stimulation Transduction of the stimulus (converts to graded potential) Generation of nerve impulses Integration of sensory input To certain regions of cerebral cortex ```

Question 68

Test v1 v2 v3

Answer 68

Ophthalmic division V1 Maxillary division v2 Mandíbular division v3