Peripheral Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

Pain in the back of the calves during exertion

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2
Q

What causes intermittent claudication?

A

Atherosclerosis of the femoral artery

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3
Q

What classification/staging is used to grade claudication?

A

Fontaine staging

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4
Q

Name two non-invasive investigations for lower limb ischaemia?

A

Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI)

Duplex ultrasound scan

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5
Q

Name the main invasive investigation for lower limb ischaemia?

A

Angiography

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6
Q

How is ABPI measured?

A

Ankle pressure / brachial pressure (mm Hg)

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7
Q

What range for ABPI would indicate claudication?

A

0.4-0.85

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8
Q

Name 4 non-invasive therapies for intermittent claudication?

A

Stop smoking
Increase exercise
Antiplatelet drugs (cilostazol)
Statins

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9
Q

Treatment for worsening limb ischaemia?

A

Angioplasty

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10
Q

What is endarterectomy?

A

Cutting out the inside of an artery to remove plaque

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11
Q

Describe critical limb ischaemia + main treatment?

A

Resting toe and foot pain worse at night with ulcers and gangrene + amputation

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12
Q

What are some typical features of a ruptured AAA?

A

Epigastric pain that radiates to the back

Pulsatile mass

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13
Q

Typical patient with AAA?

A

Male, smoker and hypertensive

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14
Q

What 2 non-invasive investigations are done for AAA (+ 1st line) ?

A

Ultrasound (1st line)

CT scan

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15
Q

What can a CT scan tell us about an AAA?

A

Whether it is ruptured or not

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16
Q

2 criteria for an optional AAA repair?

A

> 5.5 cm or increasing > 1 cm a year

17
Q

2 surgical options for AAA + which has less mortality/faster recovery?

A

Open repair and EVAR (better)

18
Q

What is the main superifical vein of the leg?

A

Saphenous

19
Q

How do varicose veins arise?

A

Increased venous pressure causes incompetent valves and pooling of blood

20
Q

What do secondary varicose veins arise from?

A

DVT

21
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Inflammation of veins caused by a clot

22
Q

Name a non-interventional management of varicose veins + CI?

A

Compression stockings + low ABPI

23
Q

Name 2 interventional management of venous insufficiency?

A

Foam sclerotherapy or ablation

24
Q

Diabetic foot sepsis is a … problem?

A

Pressure

25
Q

Biggest factor for limb loss?

A

Diabetes

26
Q

How do diabetics get foot sepsis?

A

Ulcers get infected and cause necrosis and gangrene

27
Q

Treatment for diabetic foot sepsis?

A

Urgent surgery and abx

28
Q

Cause of acute lower limb ischaemia?

A

Acute occlusion by embolism, rupture etc.

29
Q

0-4 hours occlusion with pallor?

A

Salveagable

30
Q

4-12 hours occlusion with mottling?

A

Partly reversible

31
Q

> 12 hours occlusion with redness and paralysis?

A

Non-salveagable

32
Q

Smoking decreases chance of limb amputation by?

A

10%

33
Q

Treatment for persistent DVTs?

A

IVC filter