PeripheralBlood_FlashCards

Question 1

Blood

Answer 1

connective tissue containing cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) within plasma (extracellular component)

Question 2

Hematocrit

Answer 2

% of blood volume represented by centrifuged RBCs

Question 3

Buffy coat

Answer 3

comprised of leukocytes and platelets

Question 4

Composition of blood plasma

Answer 4

water (91-92%), protein - albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, etc. (7-8%), other solutes - electrolytes, nonprotein nitrogenous substances, nutrients, blood gasses, regulatory substances (1-2%)

Question 5

Normal plasma values: Hematocrit

Answer 5

35-49%

Question 6

Normal plasma values: Hemoglobin

Answer 6

13.5-17.5 gm/100 ml (dL)

Question 7

Normal plasma values: Na+

Answer 7

135-145 mEq/L

Question 8

Normal plasma values: K+

Answer 8

3.5-5.1 mEq/L

Question 9

Normal plasma values: HCO3-

Answer 9

22-29 mEq/L

Question 10

Normal plasma values: Cl-

Answer 10

98-106 mEq/L

Question 11

Normal plasma values: Ca2+

Answer 11

8.4-10.2 mg/100 ml (dL)

Question 12

Normal plasma values: fasting glucose

Answer 12

75-115 mg/100 ml (dL)

Question 13

Cells in blood

Answer 13

erythrocytes, monocytes, platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), eosinophils, basophils

Question 14

Size & Number/microliter: Erythrocytes

Answer 14

7-8 microns; 4.3-5.7x10^6 (M); 3.9-5.0x10^6 (F)

Question 15

Size & Number/microliter: Leukocytes

Answer 15

4-10x10^3

Question 16

Size & Number/microliter: Neutrophils

Answer 16

12-15 microns; 50-70%

Question 17

Size & Number/microliter: Eosinophils

Answer 17

12-15 microns; 2-5%

Question 18

Size & Number/microliter: Basophils

Answer 18

12-15 microns; 0-1%

Question 19

Size & Number/microliter: Lymphocytes

Answer 19

6-18 microns; 20-30%

Question 20

Size & Number/microliter: Monocytes

Answer 20

12-20 microns; 3-8%

Question 21

Size & Number/microliter: Platelets

Answer 21

2-3 microns; 150-450x10^3

Question 22

Erythrocytes:

Answer 22

most common type of blood cell; bi-concave disc (greatest surface area for the enclosed volume and allows max. # Hb molecules to be as close as possible to cell membrane) -> enhances gaseous (O2 and CO2) exchange

Question 23

Erythrocytes: shape

Answer 23

biconcave disc w/o nucleus & few organelles; change of shape mediated by peripheral membrane proteins (spectrin, actin) on cytoplasmic side of cell membrane, allows diapedesis

Question 24

Diapedesis

Answer 24

outward passage of blood cells through intanct capillary walls into surrounding tissue; rolling->adhesion to endothelial cells -> extravasation through blood vessel wall and into tissue

Question 25

Reticulocytes

Answer 25

final stage of red cell maturation; can view brilliant cresyl blue stain clumped disintegrating polyribosomes

Question 26

Leukocytes: Granulocytes

Answer 26

contain azurophilic & specific granules: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 27

Leukocytes: Agranulocytes

Answer 27

contain azurophilic but NO specific granules: lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 28

Neutrophils

Answer 28

most abundant type of WBCs, granulocyte; innate immune system; phagocytose bacteria; activated by inflammation; secrete TNF-alpha and IL-1; drumstick shape = inactivated X chromosome in females

Question 29

Eosinophils

Answer 29

granulocyte; combat multicellular parasites & infections; bilobed nucleus w/ red-staining granules in cytoplasm containing major basic protein (granules have cat eye appearance)

Question 30

Major basic protein

Answer 30

specific granule of eosinophils; potent enzyme agains helminths and is toxic against bacteria and mammalian cells in vitro; causes release of histamine from mast cells & basophils, activates neutrophils and alveolar macrophages; directly implicated in epithelial damage, exfoliation and bronchospasm in asthma

Question 31

Basophils

Answer 31

granulocyte; respond to specific inflammatory reactions; similar to but derived from a different stem cell than mast cells; contain heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (vasodilator)

Question 32

Lymphocyte

Answer 32

agranulocyte; immunological role in lymphoid system

Question 33

Monocyte

Answer 33

agranulocyte; white cells, become macrophages when leave blood stream and enter tissues

Question 34

Thrombocytes

Answer 34

platelets; derived from cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in bone marrow; extracellular membrane covered by glycocalyx of carb moieties bound to integral membrane proteins that act as signaling mechanisms; disc shape maintained by MTs; change of shape facilitated by actin & myosin filaments + accompanying proteins; use glycogen for energy

Question 35

Blood clotting

Answer 35

formation of platelet plug + fibrin mesh