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SONOCAN ABD Review > Peritoneum, Non Cardiac Chest, Invasive Procedures, Patient Care Notes > Flashcards

Peritoneum, Non Cardiac Chest, Invasive Procedures, Patient Care Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ascites?

A

Abnormal collection of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

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2
Q

What is the bare area?

A

A large triangular area devoid of peritoneal covering located between the two layers of the coronary ligament.

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3
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic analysis.

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4
Q

What do the coronary ligaments do? 2

A
  1. The left coronary ligament suspends the left lobe of the liver from the diaphragm
  2. The right coronary ligament serves as a barrier between the subphrenic space and Morison pouch.
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5
Q

What is chylous ascites? What is this most commonly associated with?

A
  1. An accumulation of chyle and emulsified fats in the peritoneal cavity
  2. Most commonly associated with an abdominal neoplasm.
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6
Q

What is exudative ascites? What is this most commonly associated with?

A
  1. An accumulation of fluid, pus, or serum in the peritoneal cavity
  2. Most commonly associated with malignant or infectious processes.
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7
Q

What is fine-needle aspiration?

A

A thin needle and gentle suction is used to obtain tissue samples for pathological testing.

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8
Q

What is the greater omentum? What does it cover?

A
  1. A double-fold of peritoneum attached at the greater curvature of the stomach and superior portion of the duodenum
  2. Covers the transverse colon and small intestines.
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9
Q

What is hemoperitoneum?

A

The presence of extravasated blood in the peritoneal cavity.

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10
Q

What is hemothorax?

A

An accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity.

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11
Q

What is the lesser omentum? What does it enclose?

A
  1. A portion of peritoneum extending from the portal fissure of the liver to the diaphragm
  2. Encloses the lower end of the esophagus.
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12
Q

What is loculated ascites?

A

The presence of numerous small fluid spaces in the peritoneal cavity.

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13
Q

What is a lymphocele?

A

A collection of lymph from injured lymph vessels.

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14
Q

What is mesenteric?

A

A double layer of peritoneum suspending the intestine from the posterior abdominal wall.

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15
Q

What is a mesenteric cyst?

A

A congenital thin-walled cyst located between the leaves of the mesentery; most commonly located in the small-bowel mesentery.

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16
Q

What is paracentesis?

A

A cannula or catheter is passed into the abdominal cavity to allow outflow of fluid into a collecting device for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

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17
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A serous membrane containing lymphatics, vessels, fat, and nerves.

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18
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

A thin space located between the two layers of pleura.

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19
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

An accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes.

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20
Q

What is the pouch of Douglas?

A

A pouch formed by the inferior portion of the parietal peritoneum.

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21
Q

What is omentum?

A

An extension of the peritoneum surrounding one or more organs adjacent to the stomach.

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22
Q

What is a seroma?

A

A benign pocket of serous fluid that may develop after surgery, trauma, or inflammation.

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23
Q

What is thoracentesis?

A

A needle is inserted through the chest wall and pleural cavity to aspirate fluid for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

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24
Q

What is transudative ascites? What does this most commonly associate with?

A
  1. An accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity containing small protein cells
  2. Most commonly associated with cirrhosis or congestive heart failure.
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25
What are the functions of the peritoneum?
Secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between structures and suspends and enfolds organs.
26
What is the anatomy of the peritoneum?
An extensive serous membrane lining the entire abdominal wall, composed of two layers: parietal (lines the cavity) and visceral (covers the organs).
27
What is the greater omentum?
A transparent double fold of peritoneum that spreads like an apron inferiorly to cover most of the abdominopelvic cavity.
28
What is the lesser omentum?
Membranous extension from the portal fissure to the lesser curvature of the stomach and first portion of the duodenum.
29
What are intraperitoneal organs? 14
1. Appendix 2. Cecum 3. Duodenal bulb 4. Gallbladder 5. Ileum 6. Jejunum 7. Liver 8. Ovaries 9. Sigmoid colon 10. Spleen 11. Stomach 12. Transverse colon 13. Upper one-third of the rectum 14. Uterine body.
30
What are extraperitoneal organs? 5
1. Urinary bladder 2. Distal ureters 3. Uterus/fallopian tubes 4. Prostate/seminal vesicles 5. Distal one-third of the rectum.
31
Where is the lesser sac (omental bursa) located in relation to the pancreas and stomach? How does it communicate with the subhepatic space?
1. Located anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach 2. Communicates with the subhepatic space through the foramen of Winslow.
32
What is Morison pouch (hepatorenal pouch)?
Located superior and anterior to the right kidney and posterior to the lateral portion of the right lobe of the liver; frequent site for fluid to collect.
33
What are paracolic gutters?
Located lateral to the colon; serve as conduits for fluid between the deep pelvis and upper abdomen.
34
What are pelvic spaces?
Include retrovesical pouch, retrouterine pouch, vesicouterine pouch, and prevesical or retropubic space.
35
Where does the subhepatic space extend from? What is the most common site of?
Extends from the inferior border of the liver to a deep recess anterior to the right kidney; most common site for fluid to collect.
36
How is the subphrenic spaces divided?
Divided into left and right subphrenic spaces by the falciform ligament.
37
What is the location of the peritoneum?
Extends from the anterior abdominal wall to the retroperitoneum and paraspinal tissues.
38
What is the anatomy of the pleura?
A delicate serous membrane composed of a visceral and parietal layer.
39
What is the pleural cavity? The pleural fluid does what?
1. A thin space between the two layers of the pleura 2. Pleural fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces.
40
What are examination techniques for peritoneal and thoracic cavity?
Use the highest frequency possible for optimal resolution; patient positioning varies by procedure.
41
What are indications for peritoneal cavity examination? 4
1. Increase in abdominal girth 2. Chronic liver disease 3. Congestive heart failure 4. Ultrasound-guided paracentesis or biopsy.
42
What are indications for pleural cavity examination? 3
1. Shortness of breath 2. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis 3. Evaluate fluid collection demonstrated on previous medical imaging study.
43
What laboratory values are significant?
Decreased hematocrit is suspicious for internal bleeding; leukocytosis is suspicious for infection.
44
What are the clinical findings for abscess? 5
1. Abdominal pain 2. Fever 3. Leukocytosis 4. Fatigue 5. Nausea/vomiting.
45
What are the clinical findings for hematoma? 4
1. Dependent on etiology 2. Abdominal distention 3. Abdominal pain 4. Shortness of breath with large collections.
46
What are the clinical findings for lymphocele? 3 (s/s)
1. Asymptomatic 2. Abdominal pain 3. Discomfort.
47
What are the clinical findings for mesenteric cyst? 2
1. Colicky abdominal pain 2. Intestinal obstruction.
48
What are the clinical findings for omental cyst? (s/s) 2
1. Asymptomatic 2. Small cystic structure located adjacent to the stomach or lesser sac.
49
What is a renal cyst?
A small cystic structure located adjacent to the stomach or lesser sac.
50
What is ascites?
Anechoic fluid collection in the dependent portion of the thorax.
51
What is a hematoma?
An accumulation of blood outside of blood vessels.
52
What is an abscess?
A collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.
53
What is a neoplasm?
An abnormal growth of tissue, which can be benign or malignant.
54
What demographic is mesenteric lymphomatous commonly found in?
Found more frequently with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
55
What is the 'sandwich sign'?
An anechoic mass containing a central echogenic target.
56
What is lymphadenopathy?
Swelling of lymph nodes.
57
What is a bowel?
The part of the digestive system where food is processed.
58
What is an omental cyst?
A small cystic structure located adjacent to the stomach or lesser sac.
59
What is congenital failure of the mesentery to fuse?
A developmental defect leading to abnormal mesenteric structure.
60
What are the clinical findings of peritoneal carcinomatosis? 2 (s/s)
Abdominal distention and abdominal pain.
61
What are the sonographic findings of peritoneal carcinomatosis? 3
1. Irregular masses 2. Echo poor nodules 3. Thickening of peritoneum and omentum.
62
What are the abnormality etiologies in noncardiac chest abnormalities? 4
1. Diaphragmatic paralysis 2. Peripheral neuropathy 3. Phrenic nerve palsy 4. Shingles.
63
What are the clinical findings of diaphragmatic paralysis? 4
1. Shortness of breath 2. Syncope 3. Dyspnea 4. Chest pain.
64
What are the sonographic findings of diaphragmatic paralysis?
Unusual or absent movement of the diaphragm with normal respiration.
65
What are the contraindications for invasive procedures? 3
1. Bleeding disorder 2. Patient inability to give consent 3. Patient inability to cooperate.
66
What are the risk factors of invasive procedures? 5
1. Bleeding 2. Infection 3. Seeding 4. Inadequate sample 5. Inconclusive results.
67
What is a biopsy?
A larger core needle is used to remove a small piece of living tissue.
68
What is fine-needle aspiration?
A very slender needle along with gentle suction is used to obtain tissue samples.
69
What is paracentesis?
A cannula or catheter is passed into the abdominal cavity to allow outflow of fluid.
70
What is thoracentesis?
Perforating the chest wall and pleural cavity with a needle to aspirate fluid.
71
What are vital signs?
Refers to temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure.
72
What is the normal temperature for adults?
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
73
What is the normal pulse rate for adults?
60 to 65 beats per minute.
74
What is the normal respiration rate for adults?
16 to 20 breaths per minute.
75
What is the normal systolic pressure range for adults?
100 to 120 mm/Hg.
76
What is the normal diastolic pressure range for adults?
60 to 80 mm/Hg.
77
What are infection control protective measures?
Prevent the spread of communicable diseases among patients, personnel, and visitors.
78
What is the best protection to stop the spread of pathogens?
Hand washing for a minimum of 20 seconds.
79
What should gloves do?
Cover the wrist and should only be used once.
80
What is the most protective clothing?
Gowns that are long and large enough to cover your clothing.
81
What is the purpose of masks in infection control?
Used for airborne particle and droplet protection.
82
What should be inspected for patient safety?
Transducer and cable for fraying or defects.
83
What should be verified before beginning any invasive procedure?
Verify site of procedure, correct invasive procedure, patient’s name and birthdate.

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