General characteristics of the maxillary incisors
Arch is stationary
Function in mastication is to cut, sheer, punch and bite
Aesthetic value
What is the difference between the lateral and central maxillary incisors in terms of size
Crown on the central incisors are larger but the roots are the same length
Why don’t we usually see Mamelon on the teeth
We see them during the developmental stage but they usually wear away from functional occlusion
What are perikmata
Slight grooves that run mesial to distal on the maxillary central incisors and usually wear after irruption
What is the labioincisal edge
Junction of the labial surface and incisal edge
What is the linguoincisal edge
Junction of the lingual aspect and incisal edge
What is the height of contour on the mesial surface of a central incisor? Describe the mesial line and incisal angles
Contact area between adjacent teeth. Just apical to the incisal ridge
Line angle is straight and incisal angle is sharp
 what is the height of contour on a maxillary central incisor? Describe the distal line and incisal angles
Contact area apical to the junction of the incisal and middle thirds of adjacent teeth
Line angle is curved, incisal angle is more rounded
Describe the CEJ of a maxillary central incisor
Curves apically, centered over middle third of root
What is the cingulum and where is it located?
Fourth developmental lobe. Located in cervical third, slightly distal to the midline
What are marginal ridges?
Elevations on the mesial and distal surfaces of the labial aspect of the central incisors
Mesial is straighter and longer
Distal is curved and shorter
What is the lingual fossa
Concavity in the middle and incisal 1/3’s
Bordered by the mesial marginal ridge, the distal marginal ridge, cingulum and incisal ridge
What does the labiolingual midline do?
Divides the label and lingual halves
What is the lingual height of contour on a maxillary central incisor?
Middle of the cingulum
What is the labial height of contour on a maxillary central incisor
Middle third
What is the mesial height of contour on a maxillary central incisor
Broad in middle third
What is the distal height of contour on the maxillary central incisor
Narrow in the middle third
Which marginal Ridge on the maxillary central incisors is longer?
The mesial marginal ridge is slightly longer than the distal marginal ridge
What is the shape of the root of a maxillary central incisor?
Triangular cone with a blunt Apex, overall straight but tilts slightly to the distal
Location and number of pulp horns of a maxillary central incisor
 in the crown with 2 to 3 pulp horns
What is a Talon cusp?
Sharp, small extra cusp forms from the cingulum
What are mesiodens
Supernumerary Tooth, forms between maxillary central incisors in midline
What does Hawk billed mean
Incisal ridge centered over the lingual third
Normal specimen would have the incisal ridge centered in line with the root
What is an avulsion
Complete displacement of the tooth due to blunt trauma
What are Hutchinson incisors
Screwdriver shaped, notched incisal ridge, caused by congenital syphilis
What is the distal height of contour on the maxillary central incisor? Describe the distal line and incisal angles
Contact area just apical to the junction of the incisal and middle 1/3’s
Line angle is more curved, incisal angle is more rounded
what is the height of contour on the mesial surface of the maxillary lateral incisors? Describe the mesial Line and incisal angles
Contact area just incisal to the junction of the incisal and middle 1/3’s
Line angle is slightly more curved, incisal angle is not as sharp
Where is the lingual pit? What risk is associated with it?
May form at the base of the lingual fossa. Associated with risk of dental caries
Which marginal ridge is longer on the maxillary lateral incisors?
Mesial marginal ridge is longer and straighter while the distal marginal ridge is shorter and curved
Describe the incisal ridge in the incisal view of the maxillary lateral incisors
More curved, just labial to the labial lingual midline
What is the shape of the root in a maxillary lateral incisor
Oval and tapers. Apical third usually curves to the distal
Where do we see the root depression on a maxillary lateral incisor
Prominent on the distal
Which direction does the CEJ curve on the mesial view of the maxillary lateral incisors
Curves incisally
How does the CEJ curve on the distal view of the maxillary lateral incisor
Curves less incisally
Describe the incisal Ridge on the label view of the maxillary lateral incisors
More curved
Where is the CEJ on the labial view of the maxillary lateral incisors
Centered just distal to the midline
Describe the developmental groove on the lingual view of the maxillary lateral incisors
If present it is often very deep and may extend onto the root. Has periodontal and caries risk
Which tooth varies inform more than any other tooth except for the third molar
Maxillary lateral incisors
What are peg lateral teeth
Condition where the maxillary lateral incisors are underdeveloped and small
Likely a congenital defect caused by congenital syphilis
What does dens in Dente mean?
Occurs when the tooth’s enamel folds into the Dentin during development
May leave a deep lingual pit
What is the function of mandibular incisors?
Mastication- movable cutting bar
Incise, punch and cut
Mandibular incisors are the smallest Teeth in mesial to distal, but wider label to lingual. Why is this?
Because the masticatory force is greatest in the labial lingual direction
Which of the mandibular central incisors are the smallest?
Central incisors are slightly smaller than laterals
Which are the first succedaneous/permanent teeth to erupt?
Mandibular central incisors
What occurs from incisal wear on the mandibular central/lateral incisors
excessive attrition and dentin exposure
Which anterior teeth are a high incidence area for bio film and calculus?
Mandibular central and lateral incisors
Describe the incisal Ridge of the mandibular central incisors
Fan shaped, centered over the route and bilaterally symmetrical to the long axis
Location of the CEJ on the labial
View the mandibular central incisors
Centered over the midline
Describe the line angles of the mandibular central incisors
The mesial and distal line angles are relatively straight
Describe the incisal angles of the mandibular central incisors
Both mesial and distal are close to 90° angles
Describe the cingulum, lingual Fossa and marginal ridges of them mandibular central incisors
Cingulum is centered over the root and not prominent
Lingual fossa is very shallow and almost flat
Marginal ridges are not prominent
Describe the CEJ on the Mesial view of the mandibular central incisors?
Curves incisally about 3 mm
Describe the CEJ on the distal view of the mandibular central incisors
Curves less incisally by 2 mm
Where are the proximal route depressions on the mandibular central incisors and what do they look like?
Found on both the mesial and distal surfaces, gives The root a ribbon/bow shape
What is a variation that may occur in the root of the mandibular central and lateral incisors
May bifurcate
Describe the cingulum on the lingual surface of the mandibular lateral incisor 
Slightly tilted to the distal
Describe the CEJ on the mesial and distal surfaces of the mandibular lateral incisors
Mesial curves incisally about 3 mm
Distal curves incisally only 2 mm
Describe the incisal ridge on the distal aspect of the incisal view Of the mandibular lateral incisor
Curves lingually, appears twisted on it’s a long axis
Describe the route depression on the distal aspect of the root of the mandibular lateral incisor
Very deep root depression
What is the function of the canines
To pierce and tear, supports incisors and pre-molars
What makes the canines the most stable Tooth in Dentition
The labial/lingual width of the crown and root
What gives the canines the greatest Anchorage
Longest routes in Dentition
Which tooth has the greatest longevity of any tooth in the Dentition
Canines
What can cause canines to become impacted?
Anterior crowding and may develop cysts (developmental/dentigerous cysts)
Describe the CEJ on the label view of the maxillary canines
Curves apically, often has an elevated, rolled enamel border
Describe the medial aspect of the maxillary canine on the labial view
Is convex and may have a slight concavity above the contact
Describe the distal aspect of the maxillary canine from the labial view
Concave from CEJ to contact then convex
Which cusp slope is shorter on the maxillary canines
Mesial‘s cusp slope is shorter, distal cusp slope is longer
What occurs from maxillary canine incisal wear
Cusp tip moves distally and mesial cusp slope lengthens
Lingual cusp surface shows wear due to occlusion
Describe the width of the maxillary canines from the lingual view
Crown and root are narrow on the lingual aspect
Does the CEJ curve more incisally on the mesial or distal view of anterior teeth?
More on the mesial view
Why is the lingual aspect of the root of the maxillary canine narrow?
To accommodate the curve of the arch
Describe the apical third of the root of the maxillary canine
May curve sharply mesially or distally but distal is most common
What is the function of route depressions in the maxillary canines? On which surface is it most pronounced?
Aid in anchoring the route and preventing tooth rotation
More pronounced on the distal surface
Describe the pump chamber and pop canal in the root of the maxillary canine
Pulp chamber is in the crown with one rounded or two pulp horns
One pulp canal with an oval shape
Are the mandibular canine crowns wider or narrower mesial to distal on the labial view?
Crown is narrower mesial to distal
Are the mandibular or maxillary canines longer from cusp tip to CEJ?
Mandibular crowns are longer
Describe the lingual view of the mandibular canines
Flatter, resemble the mandibular lateral incisors, languages are not prominent
What occurs from mandibular incisal where of the canines
Cusp tip moves immediately and distal cusp slope lengthens
Mandibular King aspec Prussia Ohhhh is where on the labial surface, maxillary cusp wears more lingually
Possible variation of the mandibular canines
Made bifurcate on the apical third