Personality

Question 1

Personality is best defined as…

Answer 1

characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Question 2

The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of…

Answer 2

behavioral consistency

Question 3

Freud emphasized the id operates on the ______ principle

Answer 3

pleasure

Question 4

Freud emphasized that the ego operates on the _______ principle

Answer 4

reality

Question 5

According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the

Answer 5

Superego

Question 6

Freud believed that personality forms as children

Answer 6

pass through a series of psychosexual stages.

Question 7

Freud believed that ________ were the “royal road to the unconscious.”

Answer 7

dreams

Question 8

One-year-old Melissa derives great pleasure from putting everything she touches in her mouth—toys, balls, Mom’s keys, for example. Freud would have suggested that Melissa is going through the ________ stage of development.

Answer 8

oral

Question 9

Two-year-old Deandre frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would have suggested that Deandre is going through the ________ stage of development.

Answer 9

anal

Question 10

A boy’s sexual desires for his mother and feelings of hostility toward his father constitute what Freud called

Answer 10

the Oedipus complex

Question 11

Freud emphasized that unresolved childhood conflicts often lead to

Answer 11

fixation

Question 12

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the

Answer 12

ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized.

Question 13

Coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called

Answer 13

regression

Question 14

The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is

Answer 14

rationalization

Question 14

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of

Answer 14

displacement

Question 15

Frank refuses to believe that he is addicted to drugs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. He is most clearly demonstrating the defense mechanism of

Answer 15

denial

Question 16

Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term

Answer 16

inferiority complex

Question 17

Karen Horney emphasized that childhood anxiety is caused by

Answer 17

a sense of helplessness

Question 18

Both Karen Horney and Alfred Adler placed greater emphasis than did Freud on the role of ________ in personality development.

Answer 18

social interactions

Question 19

Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the

Answer 19

collective unconscious

Question 20

Tests that present ambiguous stimuli designed to uncover hidden personality dynamics are called ________ tests.

Answer 20

projective

Question 21

The Thematic Apperception Test requires people to respond to

Answer 21

ambiguous pictures

Question 22

Which of the following personality assessment tools has been the most harshly criticized for lacking validity?

Answer 22

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 23

Freud’s theory of personality has been criticized because it

Answer 23

offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity.

Question 24

Humanistic theorists have been criticized for

Answer 24

underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors.

Question 25

In assessing a client's personal growth, Carl Rogers measured the correspondence between

Answer 25

ideal self and actual self.

Question 26

Carl Rogers suggested that when the ideal and real self are nearly alike, then

Answer 26

the self-concept is positive

Question 27

The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of

Answer 27

self-determination

Question 27

Carl Rogers suggested that those who fall far short of their ideal self experience

Answer 27

a negative self-concept

Question 28

Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are especially likely to

Answer 28

be open and spontaneous

Question 28

Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic?

Answer 28

Carl Rogers

Question 29

Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for

Answer 29

self-actualization