Personality

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

people’s typical ways of thinking, feeling and behaving

Question 2

Trait

Answer 2

relatively enduring predisposition that influences our behavior across many situations

Question 3

nomothetic approach

Answer 3

general laws of personality all of individuals

Question 4

idiographic approach

Answer 4

identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within an individual

Question 5

psychoanalysis

Answer 5

sigmund freud.
psychic determinism (all psychological events have a cause)
symbolic meaning
unconcious motivation

Question 6

according to freud psyche consisted of three components

Answer 6

Id: basic instincts, operates on pleasure principle
ego: principle decision maker; operates on reality principle
superego: sense of morality
conflict btw them causes distress

Question 7

the ego will try to minimize anxiety via

Answer 7

defence mechanisms

Question 8

Stages of psychosexual development

Answer 8

Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency Stage
Genital Stage

Question 9

oral stage

Answer 9

Birth to 12-18 months, focusing on the mouth, sucking

Question 10

Anal stage

Answer 10

18 months to 3 years, focuses on toilet training

Question 11

Phallic stage

Answer 11

3 years to 6 years, focuses on the genitals

Question 12

Oedipus and electra phases

Answer 12

boys supposedly love their mothers romantically, and want to eliminate fathers as rivals

Question 13

Latency stage

Answer 13

6 to 12 years, sexual impulses submerges into unconscious

Question 14

Genital stage

Answer 14

12 and beyond, sexual impulses are awaken typically begin to mature into romantic attraction to others

Question 15

Why this theory is not scientific?

Answer 15

unfalsiable
failed predictions
questionable conception of unconscious
unrepresentative samples
emphasis on shared environment

Question 16

Neo Freudians

Answer 16

less emphasis on sexuality more on social drives
more optimistic about personal growth

Question 17

Adler’s style of life and inferiority complex

Answer 17

we always want to be betten than others and some of us have inferiority complex. No matter what always feel worse than anyone

Question 18

Jung’s collective unconscious and archetypes

Answer 18

our shared storehouse of memories have passed down to us from generations. arcetype is cross culturally universal symbol

Question 19

behavioral approaches

Answer 19

classical and operant conditioning, contingencies (reinforcers and punishments). Skinner thought free will is an illusion

Question 20

Social learning theory

Answer 20

thinking is the main aspect of personality
emphasize reciprocal determinism rather than Skinnerian determism focus on observational learning and individuals’ locus of control

Question 21

reciprocal determinism

Answer 21

tendency for people to mutually influence each others behavior

Question 22

locus of control

Answer 22

people believe that reinforcers or punishers lie inside or outside of their control

Question 23

Humanistic model of personality

Answer 23

carl rogers embraces free will
self actualization as core motive

Question 24

self actualization

Answer 24

drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent

Question 25

rogers model of personality

Answer 25

1- the organism (innate genetic blueprint) 2- the self (set of beliefs about who we are) 3- conditions of worth (expectations we place on ourselves- can result in incongruance)

Question 26

comparative psychology

Answer 26

challenges rogers claim that our nature is entirely positive behavior across species

Question 27

identifying traits

Answer 27

factor analysis : analyze the correlation among responses personality inventories and other measures based on lexical approach: assumption that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language

Question 28

Big Five Model

Answer 28

Opennes to experience conscientiousness careful and responsible extraversion agreeableness neuroticism tense and moody

Question 29

Phrenology

Answer 29

head shape-

Question 30

physiognomy

Answer 30

facial characteristics-

Question 31

Sheldon's body types

Answer 31

body type -

Question 32

MMPI

Answer 32

most researched test 567 true false 10 basic scales developed using empirical method of test construction so it has low face validity L (lie) detects impression management F (frequency) detects malingering K (correction) measures defensive responding Redundant scales not used for formal diagnosis scales can be misused

Question 33

Rational Theoretical method

Answer 33

begin with clear cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization unlike the empirical method Neo PI-R has strong reliability and validity but myers briggs has not (mbti)

Question 34

Projective Test

Answer 34

ambigous stimuli based on projective hypothesis Roscach inkblot test Thematic apperception test human figure drawing test graphology (looking people's handwriting)

Question 35

PT barnum effect

Answer 35

astrology tarot... it is true