Personality

Question 1

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big 5

Answer 1

Openness 
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
trying to describe and explain combinations of chatacteristics and predicting behaviour 
reduction of cattell's 16PF

Question 2

Big Five analysis

Answer 2

high level of agreement that the factors describe personality well
Supported by longitudinal studies, cross cultural studies
universally relevant

Question 3

NEO PI-R

Answer 3

most widely used personality questionairre assessing the big 5
5 point likert scale

Question 4

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big 5 theory

Answer 4

Personality traits are stable and enduring, little change through development
Measured by rank-order stability, mean level consistency, personal continuity
Increased conscientiousness between young adult and middle age (Donnellan & Lucas, 2008)
Decreased neuroticism and extraversion over time (Donnellan & Lucas, 2008)
Agreeableness peaks at 50-70 (McCrae, Brant & Costa, 2005)
80% experience stability in traits (Pullman et al., 2006)
Most accurate appromation of core trait dimensions (Funder, 2001)

Question 5

Openness (McCrae and Cost, 1999)

Answer 5

Appreciation of art, adventure, creativity, varied experience
High levels = creativity, innovation
low levels = routine

Question 6

Conscientiousness (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

Answer 6

Competence, thoughtfulness, goal-driven behaviour
High levels = planned behaviour, organisation, committment, dependability
Low levels = spontaneous, lax, disorganised

Question 7

Extraversion (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

Answer 7

High energy, talkative, sociable, assertiveness; seeks stimulation in others company
high levels = attention-seeking, dominance
low levels = reserved, prefers solitude

Question 8

Agreeableness (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

Answer 8

tendency to be compassionate and cooperative
High levels = acts warmly, unsuspicious, naive, passive
low levels = rudeness, competitiveness, argumentative, untrustworthy

Question 9

Neuroticism (McCrae and Costa, 1999)

Answer 9

tendency to experience hostility, self-consciousness
high levels = aggression, anxiety, depression (Watson & Clark, 1984)
low levels = calm, even tempered

Question 10

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big Five - Strengths

Answer 10

Traits relatively stable over 6 year period in adulthood
accurate description of personality
cross-cultural (McCrae and Allik, 2004)
Foundation for developing valid and reliable personality tests

Question 11

McCrae and Costa (1999) Big Five - Limitations

Answer 11

traits change - decreased neuroticism and extraversion, increased agreeablness with age
May be influential in capturing personality (Ashton and Kibeom, 2007)
Over simplified

Question 12

Maslow (1943) Humanistic approach

Answer 12

personality develops through efforts to satisfy the innate desire to self-actualise
Heirarchy describes the nature of info one seeks at different developmental stages (Norwood, 1971)

Question 13

Self-actualisation

Answer 13

the state of fulfilment in which someone is performing at their highest level of capability

Question 14

Maslow (1943) 8 stage heirarchy

Answer 14

1. Biological and physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Belonging and love needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Cognitive needs
6. Aesthetic needs
7. Self-actualisation
8. transcendence

Question 15

Rogers (1961) Humanistic theory

Answer 15

Believed people were fundamentally good - genuiness, acceptance, empathy influence growth

Question 16

Self-actualising - Rogers (1961)

Answer 16

Basic instinct to reach potential; personality develops through reactions to current perceptions, relationships and encounters

Question 17

Fully functioning person - Rogers (1961)

Answer 17

coherent concept of self, aided by unconditional positive regard
Defined by openness to experience,existential living, instinctual, creativity, fulfilment; wellbeing, well-adjusted, interesting - tend to be high achievers

Question 18

Unconditional positive regard - Rogers (1961)

Answer 18

absolute acceptance, no preconceived conditions of worth

Question 19

Conditional positive regard - Rogers (1961)

Answer 19

Hinders development; love and acceptance given under certain circumstances - ideal self is shaped by others, therefore there are greater inconsistancies in the concept of self

Question 20

Concept of self (Rogers, 1961)

Answer 20

True self - actual behaviour
Self-image - perception of self
Ideal self - who they aim to be
Greater consistencies = better mental health
Greater discrepancies = increased stress and anxiety (Scott and O’Hara, 1993)

Question 21

Q-Sort test

Answer 21

Humanistic theories state that personalities cannot be measured
Determines the extent of alignment between the concept of self

Question 22

Humanistic theories - strengths

Answer 22

Offered alternate viewpoint from behaviourism and psychoanalysis
Widely accepted despite lack of empirical evidence (Wahba and Bridgewell, 1976)

Question 23

Humansitic theories - limitations

Answer 23

vague concepts

western bias

Question 24

Social cognitive theory

Answer 24

Bandura (1989)
Emphasises the influence of cognitive processes on personal development; concentrates on thought and reactions in social situations
Behaviours are learnt through observation, influenced by environmental and cognitive factors (reciprical triadic relationship)

Question 25

Reciprocal Determinism - Bandura (1989)

Answer 25

human behaviour results from interactions between behavioural cognitive and environmental factors (Glanz et al., 2002)

Question 26

Self-efficacy - Bandura (1989)

Answer 26

Self-belief in one's proficiency at a tas; high self-efficacy = more likely to succeed at task, low self efficacy = failure

Question 27

Sources of efficacy - Bandura (1989)

Answer 27

Mastery experiences - successfully handling situation/challenges Social modelling - witnessing someone similar to youself successfully complete a task leads to greater belief that you can do the same

Question 28

Social persuation - Bandura (1989)

Answer 28

Persuaded to believe they posses the skills (eg encouragement)

Question 29

Psychological responses - bandura (1989)

Answer 29

reaction to a situation

Question 30

Social cognitive theory - Mischel (1998)

Answer 30

Traits are cognitive devices utilized to obtain a certain result Found that traits are stable across varying situations (intellect), others vary dependant on situation (Mischel and Shoda, 1995)

Question 31

Factors for behaviour - Mischel (1998)

Answer 31

Comeptencies, cognitive strategies, expectancies, subjective values, self regulatory systems

Question 32

Competencies - Mischel (1998)

Answer 32

Intellectual capabilities, social and problem solving skills; adaption in different circumstances

Question 33

Cognitive strategies - Mischel (1998)

Answer 33

Subjective interpretation of events - provides consistency in behaviour due to cognitive patterns

Question 34

Expectancies - Mischel (1998)

Answer 34

Expected result of behaviour based on past experiences (links to self-efficacy)

Question 35

Subjective values - Mischel (1998)

Answer 35

Value of alternative outcomes

Question 36

Self-regulatory systems - Mischel (1998)

Answer 36

Rules/standards of behaviour dependant on intrinsic punishment/reinforcement that regulates behaviour

Question 37

Social cognitive theory - strengths (Mischel, 1998)

Answer 37

Influential, provoked further research in the area Concepts supported by empirical evidence; correlations between self-efficacy and clinical problems (Marlatt, Baer, & Quigley, 1995)

Question 38

Social cognitive theory - limitations (Mischel, 1998)

Answer 38

Unconscious influences aren't accounted for - all behaviour is determined through interrelation between cognitive processes, behaviour and environmental Results rely on self-reports - bias (Cook and Campbell, 1979)