Personality + Abnormal Psychology

Question 1

Who is William Sheldon?

Answer 1

gave the early theory of personality. Characterize people by body type, and related it to personality type.

Use the terms endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy To characterize body types that were soft and spherical, Hard and Rectangular, Fragile and lightly muscled Respectively.

Question 2

Who is EG Boring?

Answer 2

Suggested that the development of psychology is not primarily due to the efforts of great people but to zeitgeist-> changing spirit of the times

Question 3

What did Edward Tichenor’s method of introspection inspire?

Answer 3

Inspire structuralism,–.Which then lead to the development of functionalism behaviouralism gestalt therapy cognitive psychology psychoanalysis system psychology and humanism

Question 4

—–’s Theory of personality was the first comprehensive theory on personality and abnormal psychology.

Answer 4

Sigmund Freud.

Question 5

What is humanism? And what are two important scientists in this category?

Answer 5

Oppose the pessimism of the psychoanalytic perspective and the robotic concepts of behaviorism.

Humanists believe in the notion of free will and the idea that people should be considered as wholes.

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are both humanists

Question 6

Who is Phillipe Pinel?

Answer 6

Placed in charge of an asylum in Paris Marked by terrible conditions. He removed the shackles from patients, I love them to go outside, Gave them bad, Make sure patients were treated humanely

Question 7

Who was Dorothy Dix?

Answer 7

Advocate of treating the hospitalized mentally ill in a humane way

Question 8

Who is Emile Kraeplin?

Answer 8

Noted that some symptoms of mental disorders occurred together regularly enough that they could be categorized as specific types. Tried to classify these disorders by integrating clinical data. precursor to current DSM-5

Question 9

What is general paresis?

Answer 9

Disorder characterized by delusions of grandeur, Metal Deterioration, Eventual paralysis and death.

The symptoms were all caused by syphilis And the syndrome was due to organic brain pathology.

Question 10

Who are Carletti and Bini?

Answer 10

Introduce the use of an electric shock for artificial production of convulsive Seizures in psychiatric patients
As a means of curing schizophrenia. They were wrong

Question 11

What is prefrontal lobotomy?

Answer 11

Surgical treatment for schizophrenics, Where the frontal lobe of the brain were severed from the brain tissue.Lobotomy didn’t cure schizophrenia

Question 12

What is Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?

Answer 12

Existence of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of people and determine personality

Three major systems:

Id (Psychic energy, primary process of pleasure principle, Relief of tension, Mental images and Wish fulfillment)

ego( secondary process of reality principle, Objectiveness, Postpone pleasure, Suspend primary process, Perception, Memory, Problem solving)

superego (Strive for the ideal, Moral branch of personality,
Conscious which provides rules and norms for bad behaviour, ego-ideal which provide rules for good and appropriate behavior)

Question 13

What is instinct?

Answer 13

Innate psychological representation (wish) of a bodily (biological) excitation (need).

Eros-> Life instinct, Survival (Hunger Thirst sex) Performing through libido

Thantos->Death instinct, Unconscious wish for absolute state of quiescence

Question 14

What are defense mechanisms?

Answer 14

Repression->Unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories
Suppression->Deliberate conscious form of forgetting
Projection->Attributing forbidden urges to others
Reaction formation->Repress wish being warded off by It’s opposite
Rationalization->Developing a socially acceptable explanation for inappropriate behavior
Regression->Reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to trauma
Sublimation->Transforming unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
Displacement->Pent-up energy discharge on objects and people less dangerous

Question 15

Who is Carl Jung?

Answer 15

Libido as psychic energy in general. Ego as the unconscious mind That is divided into

Personal unconscious

collective unconscious->Powerful system that is shared among all humans and os a residue of The experiences of early ancestors. Includes images of common experiences which are building blocks or archetypes with emotional elements

’

Question 16

What are Jung’s majory archetypes?

Answer 16

Persona->Mask that is adopted to Respond to demands of social convention

Anima/Animus-> Feminine and masculine, Helps us understand gender

Shadow->Animal instincts inherited in their evolution from lower forms of life. Responsible for unpleasant and socially reprehensible thought

Self-> Referred to as the Magic Circle. Person striving for unity. Point of intersection between collective unconscious and the Conscious.

Question 17

What are the two major orientations of personality according to Jung?

Answer 17

Extroversion->External objective orientation.
Introversion->Internal subjective orientation

Both are present in personality but one of them is Typically dominant

Question 18

What are the psychological functions according to jung>

Answer 18

Thinking feeling sensing and intuiting Which interact in dynamic ways to form personality

Question 19

Who is Alfred Adler?

Answer 19

Focused on immediate social imperatives of family and society.

Striving towards superiority drives personality-> enhances it when is it socially oriented + benefit everyone but does not enhance personality when it is selfish + becomes the root of disturbance.

Question 20

What is the notion of the creative self and the style of life?

Answer 20

Suggested by Adler.

The creative self –> the force by which individuals shape their uniqueness.

Style of life-> represents the manifestation of creative self, and the way we achieve superiority, mostly determined by one’s family

Question 21

What is Fictional finalism?

Answer 21

Notion that a person is motivated more by his expectations the future than by past experience. Subjective estimates of life value> Objective data from past

Question 22

Who is Karen Horney?

Answer 22

neurotic personality is governed by one of 10 needs Which are directed toward making life and interaction bearable.
e.g Need for Affection and approval.

neurotic needs however, resemble healthy ones except in four aspects:

1-They are disproportionate in intensity
2-They are indiscriminate in application
3-They partially disregard reality
4-Tend to provoke intense anxiety

Question 23

What is Horney’s primary concept?

Answer 23

Basic anxiety, Based on the idea that a child’s early perception of the self is important. To overcome basic anxiety And attain security Child uses these three strategies:

1-Move towards people
2-Move against people
3-Move away from people

Question 24

Who was Anna Freud?

Answer 24

Daughter of Sigmund Freud. Founder of Ego psychology, Along with Erick Erickson Who expanded and reworked Freud’s theory By showing how negative events could have positive effects on adult personality

Question 25

What is object relations theory?

Answer 25

Falls under psychodynamic theories of personality. Look at the creation and development of internalized objects in young children. Mahler, Kernberg, Klein, Winicott were all object theorists

Question 26

What is psychoanalysis?

Answer 26

Type of therapy developed by Freud. Intensive long-term treatment for uncovering repressed memories And conflict stemming from problems in psychosexual development.

Question 27

What are the five techniques uses psychoanalysis?

Answer 27

Hypnosis->Method to free repressed thoughts

Free association->Client says whatever comes to mind first

Dream interpretation->Using patients dreams to understand Unconscious conflicts

Resistance->Unwillingness to relate to certain thoughts By missing therapy sessions, blocking associations, switching topics

Transference->Attributing to the therapist attitudes and feelings developed in patient’s relations with significant others

Question 28

What is countertransference?

Answer 28

When the therapist experiences emotions toward patient at various points in treatment

Question 29

Neo Freudian approaches place much more emphasis on—-Than On childhood experience and psychosexual development

Answer 29

Current interpersonal relationships and life situations

Question 30

What is the behavior theory of personality?

Answer 30

Behavior is learned as people interact with the environment.

John Dollard and Neil Miller->Blended psychoanalytic concepts in a behavioral learning theory approach. Focus on conflicting tendencies in the development of personality

Question 31

What did BF Skinner focus on?

Answer 31

Consider personality to be a collection of behavior that happensTo be sufficiently reinforced.

Question 32

What did Albert Bandura focus on?

Answer 32

Contends that learning principles are sufficient to account for personality.

Social learning theory is modelling observed behavior, By observing other people’s behaviors being reinforced Through vicarious reinforcements.

Question 33

Who is Martin Seligman?

Answer 33

Classical studies of learned helplessness. Dog is in a cell with floors that shocked them. Eventually dog stop jumping Regardless of whether they could escape or not.

Used this to talk about human depression and locus of control. Individuals who consistently face difficult situations but cannot escape–>Feel powerless–> leads to external locus of control.

Question 34

While psychoanalysis considers the symptoms to be ——, Behavior is consider the symptoms To be—-

Answer 34

A manifestation of some disorder. The disorder itself

Question 35

What are two examples of cognitive behavior therapy that changes a patient’s distorted and irrational thoughts?

Answer 35

Aaron Back’s cognitive therapy for depression. Albert Ellis’ rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

Question 36

What is the basic assumption for Ellis’ REBT?

Answer 36

People must recognize irrational beliefs and change them to more rational ones

Question 37

What is the basic assumption for Beck’s CT?

Answer 37

Client must write down negative thoughts about himself and figure out why they’re not justified and come up with realistic Cognitions.

Question 38

Unlike behaviorists, psychoanalysts do not believe that symptom relief is ——

Answer 38

Adequate for therapy, Because the underlying cause is still there. They believe that new symptoms will replace old ones (Symptom substitution)

Question 39

Phenomenological theories emphasize —-Rather than—–

Answer 39

Internal processes. Overt behavior. And they focus on what distinguishes us from animals

Question 40

What is Kurt Lewin’s field theory?

Answer 40

Personality as being dynamic and constantly changing, Rather than fixed traits and habits.

Personality can be divided to systems Which are well articulated and function in an integrated matter, Unless the person is under tension during which time, articulation is diffused.

Question 41

Who is Abraham Maslow?

Answer 41

Humanistic theorist, Known for hierarchy of needs.

Needs are organize hierarchically ascending from basic to complex.

Physiological and safety->Belongingness and love->Esteem cognitive and aesthetic needs->Self-actualization Or highest potential.

Question 42

What are the characteristics of self-actualized people?

Answer 42

Nonhostile sense of humor, Creativity, Spontaneity, Need for privacy, Have peak experiences Which are profound and moving.

Question 43

Who is George Kelly?

Answer 43

Notion of the individual as scientist who devices and test predictions about the behavior of significant people And constructs scheme of anticipation of what others will do.

Anxiety is due to one having difficulty constructing the variables in his environment

Question 44

In humanistic existential therapies personalities and disorders Stem from Problems of What nature?

Answer 44

Alienation, Depersonalization. Loneliness, Lack of meaning.

Question 45

Who is Carl Rogers?

Answer 45

Came up with client centered therapy.

Believe that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and are not slaves to be unconscious. They can reflect on their problems and take positive action.

Point of therapy is to make people willing and able to be themselves + increased congruence between what the person thinks he should be and what you actually is.

Must preserve a climate of unconditional positive regard for the client

Question 46

Who is Victor Frankel?

Answer 46

Survivor of Nazi concentration camps. Mental illness stems from a life of meaninglessness

Question 47

Who are type theorists? Who are trait theorists?

Answer 47

Attempt to characterize people according to specific types of personality vs. Attempt to ascertain the fundamental dimensions of personality

Question 48

What is type A versus type B personality?

Answer 48

Type A–>Competitive and compulsive (Prone to heart disease)

Type B–>Laid back and relaxed (Rich people)

Question 49

Who is Raymond Cattell?

Answer 49

Trait theorist, Who uses factor analysis to measure personality in a comprehensive way.

Came up with 16 basic traits or permanent reaction tendencies that constitute the building blocks of personality.

Question 50

Who is Hans Eyesneck?

Answer 50

Broad dimensions of personality are types which were followed by more specific traits. Added dimension of introversion-extroversion, stability-neuroticism, and psychoticism.

Question 51

Who is Gordon Alport?

Answer 51

Trait theorist who listed three basic types of traits:

Cardinal->Traits around which a person organizes his life e.g self-sacrifice (Does not apply to everyone)

Central->major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer (honesty, fatalism)

Secondary->Personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence

Question 52

What is functional autonomy?

Answer 52

A given activity or formal behavior becomes an end or goal in itself regardless of its original reason for existence
(e.g hunter continuing to hunt even after having enough food)

Question 53

What is the difference between an idiographic approach to personality and a nomothetic approach?

Answer 53

Idiographic->Focuses on individual case studies
Nomothetic->Focuses on groups of individuals and tries to find commonalities between them

Alport supported the idiographic approach and was against nomothetic approach

Question 54

Who is David McClelland?

Answer 54

Identify the need for achievement (N-ach). People rate highly in this dimension tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments.

They avoid both high risks, And low risks. They set realistic goals, And do not pursue anything that does not yield success.

Question 55

Who is Herman Witkin?

Answer 55

Relationship between an individual’s personality and his perception of the world. Classification of people according to their degree of field dependence.

At one pole is the capacity to make specific responses to perceived stimuli (Field independence) The other pole is the capacity to make diffused responses to a perceived mass of undifferentiated stimuli (Field dependence)

People who are more field dependent will be more influenced by other peoples opinions because they do not distinguish separate ideas, or their own ideas from others

Question 56

Who is Julian Rotter?

Answer 56

Internal and external locus of control. People with internal focus believe that they can control their own destiny. Those with external focus believe that outside events and chance control their destiny.

Attribution of success to ability (Internal)->Higher self esteem
Attribution of success to Luck or task ease (External)->Lower self-esteem
Attribution of daily or to Bad luck or task difficulty (External)
Attribution of failure to Lack of ability (Internal)

Question 57

What is Machiavellianism?

Answer 57

Someone who is manipulative and deceitful. Thinks most people don’t really know what’s best for them, The best thing is to tell them what they want to hear

Question 58

What is androgyny?

Answer 58

Term coined by Sandra Bem, Refers to people who are simultaneously masculine and feminine

Question 59

Who is Walter Mitchell?

Answer 59

Believe that human behavior is determined by characteristics of the situation rather than those of the person.

Question 60

What is the DSM five?

Answer 60

The most widely accepted scheme for the classification of mental disorders. Based on a-theoretical descriptions of symptoms of the various disorders.

Organized into 18 classifications, And catalogs other factors that may influence a patient prognosis such as rational or occupational issues and health complications.

Question 61

Describe Neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 61

Disorders that are linked to the development of the nervous system and are first present during infancy childhood or adolescence.

e.g Learning and communication disorders, attention deficit disorder, and autism spectrum

Question 62

What is ADHD?

Answer 62

Neurodevelopmental disease.

• Atypical inattention or impulsivity hyperactivity.
• Very short attention spans and difficulty staying on task or with organizing.
• Unable to follow instructions or to stick to activities for extended periods.
• Excessive running fidgeting restlessness.
• 3-5% of school children may experience the symptoms. -More prevalent in males, Symptoms attenuate during adolescence

Question 63

What is autism spectrum?

Answer 63

Neurodevelopmental disease.

• Include autism, Asperger, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD)
• impairment in social skills, communication skills + repetitive behaviors
• inflexible routines and stereotyped behavior
• Do not cuddle or make eye contact and display little facial expression
• Over sensitive to sensory stimuli
• Often persist into adulthood

Question 64

What is Tourette’s disorder?

Answer 64

Neurodevelopmental disease.

A tic disorder characterized by multiple motor tics such as (eye blinking, skipping, deep knee bends) and one or more vocal tics such as (barks, sniffs, snorts etc), they are sudden, recurrent and stereotyped.

Lifelong disorder but with periods of remission. Occurs in approx 4 to 5 individuals out of 10,000

Question 65

What is schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders?

Answer 65

The term was coined by Eugen Bleuler, Before it was called dementia praecox. It means “split mind”

• Characterized by gross distortions of reality+ disturbances in the content of thought, perception and affect
• Marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, inappropriate affect, and catatonic behavior
• Symptoms divided into positive (Behaviors added to normal behavior) and negative types (Involve absence of normal behavior)

Question 66

What are some positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 66

Distinguished into two dimensions:

1) Psychotic -> Hallucinations and delusions
2) Disorganized-> Disorganized speech and behavior

Question 67

What are some negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 67

Flat affect + blunted emotional expression

Question 68

What are the markers of delusions?

Answer 68

Discordant beliefs that do not match with reality Despite evidence to the contrary.
Reference->Other people are talking about me persecution->People are plotting against me
grander->I am a remarkable person

Question 69

What are the markers of hallucinations?

Answer 69

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality. e.g Auditory sensations involving voices that the individual perceives as coming from outside

Question 70

What are the markers of disorganized thoughts?

Answer 70

the loosening of associations exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another, Or speech that has no structure like a word salad, Or the invention of new words (neologism)

Question 71

What are the markers of disturbances in affect?

Answer 71

Blunting->Severe reduction in intensity of affect expression
Flat affect->No virtual signs of expression
Inappropriate affect->Affect that is not matching with the content of person speech or ideation (laugh at death e.g)

Question 72

What is catatonic motor behavior?

Answer 72

• spontaneous movement and activity may be greatly reduced
• maintain a rigid posture + refusing to be moved
• useless and bizarre movements not caused by external stimuli

Question 73

What is the prodormal phase?

Answer 73

Before schizophrenia is diagnosed, the patient goes through a phase characterized by poor adjustment in which there is deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior and inappropriate affect.

This stage is followed by the active phase.

Question 74

What is the difference between process schizophrenia and reactive schizophrenia?

Answer 74

Process ->is slow and insidious with poor prognosis

Reactive-> is intense and sudden with better prognosis

Question 75

What is the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

Answer 75

Then neurotransmitter dopamine plays an important role in movement and posture.

Delusions hallucinations and agitation arise from:

a) an excess of dopamine activity in brain
b) Or the level of dopamine is normal but there’s an oversensitivity to this in the brain
c) Or there’re too many receptors that receive this neurotransmitter in the brain

Question 76

The double blind hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests what about parenting?

Answer 76

Faulty family communication may play some role in explaining the origins of schizophrenia. For example mothers who may encourage child to be more affectionate yet punish them when the child approaches her.

Question 77

What is MDD?

Answer 77

Mood disorder with at least a two-week period during which there is a prominent and persistent depressed mood or loss of interest in almost all activities.

other symptoms include appetite disturbance, weight changes, sleep disturbance lack of energy, worthlessness, guilt difficulty concentrating + thoughts of death

Question 78

What is bipolar disorder?

Answer 78

Formerly known as manic-depression. Characterized by both mania and depression.

Question 79

What is the difference between bipolar I and II?

Answer 79

Bipolar I has manic episodes:

Manic episodes with abnormal and persistent elevated mood, decreased need for sleep. Increase self-esteem, impaired judgment, lowered sexual restraints, Impatience.

Manic episodes have a rapid onset + more brief in duration than depressive episodes

Bipolar II has hypomania:

Does not significantly impair functioning, Nor is it psychotic but individual is more energetic and optimistic

Question 80

What are two disorders that are characterized by similar and less severe symptoms of bipolar disorder?

Answer 80

PDD Formerly known as dysthymia (Affects as many as 20% of women of reproductive age + dysphoric and depressed mood, anger + physiological symptoms for a few days before menstruation) + cyclothymic disorder

Question 81

What is the Etiology behind mood disorders?

Answer 81

Norepinephrine and Serotonin are two implicated neurotransmitters linked together into what is called the monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression.

Too much of the Aforementioned chemicals leads to mania while too little leads to depression.

Question 82

What disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Answer 82

Presents in childhood + negative mood with poor control of temper even at minor provocation

Question 83

What are some types of anxiety disorder?

Answer 83

Specific phobias->Anxiety is produced by specific object or situation (cynophobia is fear of dogs, acrophobia is fear of heights, agoraphobia is fear of open places)

Social anxiety disorder->Anxiety due to social situations, Fear of situations resulting in embarrassment

Panic disorder->Periods of intense fear or foreboding accompanied by physiological fight or flight

Generalized anxiety disorder->Low key sense of constant anxiety, but are able to maintain high level of function without seeking psychiatry care

Question 84

What are obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?

Answer 84

Characterized they repeated obsessions (Persistent irrational thoughts) That produce tension and compulsions (Irrational and repetitive impulses) That cause significant impairment.

Question 85

What are some specific obsessions and compulsions?

Answer 85

Body dysmorphic disorder->Mistaken beliefs about body
Hoarding disorder
trichotillomania->Hair pulling
Excoriation->Skin picking

Question 86

What is PTSD?

Answer 86

Trauma stress or related disorder. Developed as a reaction to traumatic events, Relieve the traumatic event through flashbacks, nightmares, display hyper-vigilance and depressed mood

Question 87

What are somatic symptoms related disorders?

Answer 87

Somatoform disorders->Presence of physical symptoms that suggest an medical condition but are not fully explained by medical condition.

Conversion disorder->Unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions Also called hysteria (e.g Paralysis when there’s no neurological damage)

Illness anxiety disorder->Also known as hypochondria. Person preoccupied with fears that he has a serious disease and will continue even after complete medical examination.

Question 88

What are dissociative disorders?

Answer 88

The person avoid stress by dissociating or escaping from his identity.

Dissociative amnesia->Inability to recall past experience not due to neurological disorder

Dissociative fugue->Amnesia that accompanies a sudden unexpected move away from one’s home

Dissociative identity disorder->Also known as multiple personality disorder. Results when components of identity failed to integrate. (e.g Thruddi chase with 92 personalities)

Depersonalization disorder->Person feels detached like an outside observer of his mental process

Question 89

What are eating disorders?

Answer 89

Anorexia nervosa->Refusal to maintain a minimal bodyweight, Distorted body image, Starvation suicide or electrolyte imbalance. 90% female

Bulimia nervosa->Binge eating followed by excessive attempts to Purge fast or exercise. Individual maintains a minimally normal body weight, 90% female

Question 90

What are some personality disorders?

Answer 90

Schizoid personality->Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships, Restricted range of emotional expression

Narcissistic personality->Grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, Preoccupation with fantasies of success, Disturbances in interpersonal relationships

Borderline personality->Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood self image, Profound identity disturbance, Uncertainty about sexual identity, self image long-term goals, Self-mutilation and suicide attempts

Antisocial personality->Referred to as Psychopathic disorder. Disregard for and violation of the rights of others, Deceitfulness, aggressiveness and lack of remorse

Question 91

What is the Diathesis stress model?

Answer 91

Framework used to examine the causes of mental disorder. An individual whose brain is over sensitive to dopamine and will also experience excessive stress in life may be likely to develop schizophrenia.

Reminds us that causal factors of biological and psychological levels interact with each other

Question 92

What is primary prevention?

Answer 92

Conditions that foster mental-health, Including increased access to good Prenatal and postnatal care. Providing training and psychosocial skills to those who need it.

Question 93

Who is David Rosenhan?

Answer 93

Studied whether or not it was possible to be judge sane if you are in an insane place. Normal people admitted to a psychiatric Hospital for schizophrenics but because they had been labeled as mentally ill, even normal activities were interpreted by staff as evidence of mental illness

Question 94

Who is Thomas Szasz?

Answer 94

Critique of labeling people mentally ill and argues that most of the disorders treated by clinicians are not really illnesses they just differ from cultural norm.