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Psychology GRE > Personality and Abnormal Psych > Flashcards

Personality and Abnormal Psych Flashcards

1
Q

What did Philippe Pinel and Dorthy Dix do?

A

Both reformed the conditions of asylums and treatment of mentally ill patients to be more humane

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2
Q

How did the discovery of the cause of general paresis in the late 1800s contribute to understanding of abnormal psych?

A

General paresis (delusions of grandeur, mental deterioration, paralysis, and death), was found to be dure to brain deterioration caused by syphilis. This introduced the idea that physiological factors could underlie mental disorders.

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3
Q

In 1938, what method did Cerletti and Bini introduce to “cure” schizophrenia?

A

Electroschock therapy

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4
Q

Between 1935 and 1955, what method was used to treat severe schizophrenic patients?

A

prefrontal lobotamy

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5
Q

What new method of treatment for schiizophrenic patients ended the use of electroshock therapy and lobotamies?

A

Antipsychotic drugs

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6
Q

How did Emil Kraepelin contribute to the field of abnormal psych?

A

He created the first classification system for mental disorders, which was a precursor to the DSM

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7
Q

What are the three major systems of Freud’s structural dynamic model of personaliy?

A

Id, ego, and superego

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8
Q

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of: A child completely “forgets” past abuse.

A

Repression: unconscious forgetting of anxiety producing memories

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9
Q

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A person forgets failing an important test the first time they take it, but passing the second.

A

Suppression: conscious form of forgetting anxiety producing memories

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10
Q

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A student is sexually attracted to a professor, but won’t acknowledge it and thinks that the professor is attracted to them.

A

Projection: attributes his forbidden urges to others

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11
Q

Which of the following defense mechanisms is this an example of? A child who hates his brother and is punished for hostile actions to his brother will shower his brother with affection

A

Reaction formation: acting opposite to one’s unconscious wishes

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12
Q

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? I only speed because everyone else does it.

A

Rationalization

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13
Q

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A teen girl starts sucking her thumb when she is nervous/scared

A

Regression

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14
Q

Which defense mechanism is the follwoing an example of? A person who is very aggressive plays contact sports instead of getting in fights.

A

Sublimination: transforming an unacceptable urge into an acceptable behavior

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15
Q

Which defense mechanism is the following an example of? A man who hates his boss goes home and yells at his wife/kids?

A

Displacement: pent up feelings are discharged on people and objects less dangerous than the thing causing those feelings

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16
Q

What 2 parts did Carl Jung divide the unconcious mind into?

A

The personal unconcious and the collective unconcious.

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17
Q

Explain the Junginan archetypes of the persona/shadow.

A

Persona: the mask adopted by a person in response to demands of social convention. Shadow: animal instincts, unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions

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18
Q

Explain the Jungian archetypes of the anima/animus.

A

Anima: feminine qualities. Animus: masculine qualities

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19
Q

What is Jung’s concept of self?

A

The person’s striving for unity; point of intersection between collective unconsciousness and consciousness

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20
Q

Who originated the concept of the inferiority complex- an individuals sense of incompleteness, imperfection, physical and social inferiorities?

A

Alfred Adler

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21
Q

Explain Adler’s concepts of creative self and style of life.

A

Creative self: force by which each individual shapes his/her uniqueness and personality. Style of life: manifestation of creative self, a persons unique way of achieving inferiority.

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22
Q

According to Adler, are individuals motivated more by past events or future expectations? What is the term he used for this?

A

Future expectations, called fictional finalism

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23
Q

Explain Horney’s concept of basic anxiety in children and the 3 strategies used to deal with it.

A

Basic anxiety: sense of helplessness and insecurity. Strategies: move toward people to obtain security, move against people/fight to gain upper hand, or move away/withdraw from people

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24
Q

What is Anna Freud considered the founder of?

A

Ego psychology

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25
Q

What branch of personality psych did Klein, Winnicott, Margaret Mahler, and Otto Kernberg create?

A

Object relations theory

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26
Q

In psychoanalysis, forgetting dream material, missing a session, blocking associations, and switching topics rapidly are all indications of __________.

A

Resistance

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27
Q

What is the difference between transference and countertranferance?

A

Transference- clients feelings towards therapist, related to family or love relationships in clients past
Countertransference- the therapists feelings toward the client

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28
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement/learning as proposed by Bandura?

A

Learning by observing others behaviors being reinforced.

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29
Q

Explain Seligman’s learned helplessness theory.

A

Individuals who consistently face difficult situations from which they cannot escape learn to feel powerless to overcome their problems. He conducted the experiment on dogs using electric shock- over time the dogs gave up trying to escape the shock even when they were given an opportunity to jump out.

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30
Q

Both Becks Cognitive Therapy for Depression and Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) seek to challenge the clients __________ _____________.

A

Irrational thoughts

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31
Q

Psychoanalysts argue that symptom relief is not adequate therapy bc the underlying cause is still there. They believe that new symptoms will develop to replace the old one. This is called __________ ___________.

A

Symptom substitution

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32
Q

____________ theorists emphasize internal processes rather than overt behavior. They are also sometimes called humanistic bc they focus on what distinguishes us from animals. They are also similar to existential theorists.

A

Phenomenological

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33
Q

The Gestalt theory of personality has a _________ view of the self

A

Holistic

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34
Q

Explain Kurt Lewins field theory

A

He saw personality as dynamic and ever-changing. It consists of constantly changing systems. Under optimal conditions, the systems are well articulated and function in an integrated fashion. When the person is under anxiety or tension, however, articulation between systems becomes diffused.

35
Q

What are the 4 levels of Maslows hierarchy of needs?

A

1: physiological and safety needs (food, shelter, etc)
2. Belongingness and love needs
3. Esteem, cognitive, and aesthetic needs
4. Self actualization: need to realize ones fullest potential

36
Q

Who hypothesized that people are like scientists who devise and test predictions about the behavior of significant people in his/her life?

A

George Kelly

37
Q

What do humanistic-existential therapies emphasize? What do they view as the root cause of mental disorders?

A

They emphasize the process of finding meaning in ones life by making ones own choices. Mental disorders stem from problems of alienation, depersonalization, loneliness, and lack of meaningful existence

38
Q

Who created the therapy technique known as client-centered/person-centered/no directive therapy?

A

Carl Rogers

39
Q

Describe unconditional positive regard And how it is used in humanistic therapy?

A

Unconditional positive regard means treating client in a positive and self affirming way no matter what. It is used to create a positive environment for clients despite whatever condition they are in.

40
Q

What do type/trait theorists characterize people according to?

A

Specific types of personality

41
Q

What is the difference between Type A and Type B personalities?

A 
Type A- competitive, and compulsive, prone to heart disease, mostly upper and middle class men
Type B- generally laid back and relaxed
42
Q

What method did Raymond Cattell, a trait theorist, used to measure personality?

A

Factor analysis

43
Q

What are the 5 personality dimensions Eyesnck theorized, based on his factor analysis?

A

Introversion, extroversion, emotional stability, neurotism, psychoticism

44
Q

Explain McCelland’s theory of the personality trait, the need for achievement?

A

The need to accompish things and take pride in them, avoid high and low risks, and set realistic goals

45
Q

Explain the difference between Herman Witkin’s theory of field dependence vs field independence.

A

Field dependence: A diffuse response to a percieved mass of undifferentiated stimuli (ie being influenced by the opinions of others, not distinguishing seperate ideas or their own ideas from others). Field-independence: capacity to make specific responses to percieved specific stimuli.

46
Q

What did Julian Rotter’s research on internal and external locus of control find regarding self esteem and attibutions to success, and attributions to failure.

A

Internal locus of control- person believes they control their own destiny. Found in those with high self esteem who contribute success to their abilities. Found in those with low self esteem who attribute failures to their lack of ability.
External locus of control- Person believes outside events, fate and chance control their destiny. Found in those with high self esteem who contribute failures to bad luck or task difficulty. Foudn in those with high self esteem who contribute success to luck or task ease.

47
Q

Those who score high in “Machiavellianism” tend to be successful at ___________.

A

manipulation

48
Q

What is Sandra Bem’s theory of androgeny?

A

It’s a state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine.

49
Q

Which Axis of DSMIV is for clincial disorders, with the exception of personality disorders and mental retardation.

A

Axis I

50
Q

Which axis of the DSM is for personality disorders and mental retardation?

A

Axis II

51
Q

Which axis of the DSM is used for any medical conditions that are potentially relevant to understanding or treating the patient’s mental disorder

A

Axis III

52
Q

Explain Gordon Allports theory of cardinal, central, and secondary traits

A

Cardinal traits are traits around which one organizes his/her life (ie: Self-sacrifice for Mother Theresa). Not everyone develops cardinal traits, but they have central and secondary traits. Central traits are major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer (ie honesty, fatalism). Secondary traits are more personal and unique characteristics.

53
Q

Explain Allports concept of functional autonomy

A

Functional autonomy means that any given activity or form of behavior may become an end or goal in itself, regardless of it’s original reason for existence. I.e, a person who started running to lose weight may continue to run after losing weight simply for enjoyment of it

54
Q

What is the difference Allport distinguished between the idiographic/morphogenic approach and the nomothetic/dimensional approach to personality? Which did Allport insist personality theorists use?

A

Idiographic/morphogenic: focuses on individual case studies. Nomographic/dimensional: focuses on groups of people and tries to find commonalities between individuals. Allport insisted on using the idiographic approach and avoid nomographic approaches.

55
Q

What disorder has the following symptoms: lack of responsiveness to others, impairment of communication skills, and repetitive behaviors?

A

Autism

56
Q

What disorder is characterized by multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics?

A

Tourettes

57
Q

A schizophrenic person may have any or all of what symptoms?

A

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, inappropriate affect, and cationic behavior.

58
Q

What are “positive symptoms” of Schizophrenia?

A

Behaviors, thoughts or actions added to normal behavior. Include delusions and hallucinations, disorganized speech, cationic behavior.

59
Q

What are “negative symptoms” of schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms involving absence of normal behavior. Includes flat effect

60
Q

What are some common delusions?

A

Delusions of reference- belief that others are talking about him/her
Delusions of Persecution- belief that a person is being deliberately interfered with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
Delusions of grandeur- belief that he/she is a remarkable person

61
Q

What is the most common form of hallucination?

A

Auditory- hearing voices

62
Q

What is the prodromal phase od schizophrenia?

A

The phase before the active phase. It’s exemplified by clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences.

63
Q

What is the difference between process and reactive schizophrenia? Which one has a better prognosis for recovery.

A

Process- development of schizophrenia is slow and insidious, poor recovery.
Reactive- onset of symptoms intense and sudden, better prognosis of recovery.

64
Q

What are the five subtypes of schizophrenia?

A

Catatonic- alternation between extreme withdrawal of movement to excessive movement
Paranoid type- preoccupation with one or more delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations. Relative preservation of cognitive and affective functioning.
Disorganized- flat/inappropriate affect and disorganized speech/behavior
Undifferentiated- diagnosed when general criteria for other categories not met
Residual- when patient is in remission from previous schizophrenic episode

65
Q

What is the Double bind hypothesis in explaining origins of schizophrenia?

A

Child receives contradictory and mutually incompatible messages from his/her primary caregiver (usually mom). Torn between these contradictory messages, the child may begin to feel anxious and internalize these disorganized messages. From this point, the child begins to see his/her perceptions of reality as unreliable

66
Q

What criteria define a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

A

At least a 2 week period in which there is a prominent and persistent depressed mood, or loss of interest in all or almost all activities. These symptoms must cause significant distress/impairment in functioning.

67
Q

What is the difference between mania of bipolar I and the hypomania of bipolar II?

A

Hypomania, unlike mania, typically does not significantly impair functioning, nor are there psychotic features, although the individual may be more energetic and optimistic.

68
Q

What are dysthymic and cyclothymic disorders?

A

Similar to depression and bipolar disorders, but less severe

69
Q

What is the monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression?

A

Too much norepinephrine and serotonin leads to mania, too little to depression.

70
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in open places or situations where escape may be difficult. Agoraphobics tend to be uncomfortable going outside their homes alone.

71
Q

What is social phobia?

A

Anxiety due to social situations that may result in embarrassment

72
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

Presence of physical symptoms that are not fully explained by a medical condition

73
Q

What is a conversion disorder?

A

Unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions; ie paralysis or blindness w/o neurological damage

74
Q

What is hypochondriasis?

A

Person is preoccupied w/ fears he/she has serious disease, based on misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs. Fears continue even after proven wrong

75
Q

For people w/ dissociative disorders, how do they avoid stress?

A

By escaping from their identity/reality (dissociating)

76
Q

What is the difference between dissociative amnesia and fugue?

A

Amnesia- inability to recall past experience.

Fugue- confusion about ones identity, accompanied by a sudden unexpected move away from ones home

77
Q

What is schizoid personality disorders?

A

A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression. Poor social skills

78
Q

What is narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, preoccupation w/ fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, feelings of entitlement. However, they have very poor self esteem, and will feel rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, or emptiness, When others don’t view them favorably.

79
Q

What is Borderline personality disorder?

A

Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self image. Relationships are often intense and unstable. Often change long term gold and values. intense fear of abandonment. Suicide attempts and self mutilation common

80
Q

What is antisocial personality disorder?

A

Pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others. Repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, and lack of remorse. Many career criminals have this disorder

81
Q

What is the diathesis-stress model?

A

A diathesis is a predisposition to develop a certain mental disorder. Excessive stress on a person may lead to development of that disorder.

82
Q

What are some examples of primary intervention?

A

Increasing access to good prenatal and postnatal care, training in psychosocial skills, opportunities for education, training parents in child raising skills

83
Q

What did Rosenhan conclude from his study about having sane ppl admitted to mental hospital after reporting hallucinations.

A

Clinicians need to exercise greater care when judging normality and abnormality. Once someone is labeled mentally I’ll, the label never really goes away, and mental illnesses can be feigned and misdiagnosed.

Psychology GRE (4 decks)

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