Personality and Temperament Flashcards
(51 cards)
what is personality
distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
The “Big Five” Personality Factors
openness, conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
A study of the Big Five factors revealed…////?/
conscientiousness was the best predictor of both high school and college
grade-point average. In this study,
openness was the best predictor of SAT verbal scores
A study of fift h- to eighth-graders…/
conscientiousness was linked to better interpersonal relationships:
higher-quality friendships, better acceptance by peers,
and less victimization by peers.
person-situation interaction
the best way to
characterize an individual’s personality is not in terms of personal
traits or characteristics alone, but also in terms of the situation
involved.
temperament
A person’s behavioral style and
characteristic ways of responding.
variations in temperament
active, calm, responds warmly, fuss, fret.
Temperament styles
easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm-up child
easy child
positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.
difficult child
reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular
daily routines, and is slow to accept change.
slow-to-warm-up child
low activity level, is somewhat negative, and
displays a low intensity of mood.
three temperament dimensions
Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, effortful control
Extraversion/surgency
“positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity
level, and sensation seeking.” Kagan’s uninhibited children fi t into this
category.
Negative affectivity
fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort.”
These children are easily distressed; they may fret and cry oft en. Kagan’s
inhibited children fi t this category
Effortful control (self-regulation)
attentional focusing and shifting,
inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure.”
goodness of fit
The match between a child’s
temperament and the environmental demands the
child must cope with
culture
The behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other
products of a particular group of people that are
passed on from generation to generation.
Cross-cultural studies
Studies that compare what
happens in one culture with what happens in one or
more other cultures; they provide information about
the degree to which people are similar and to what
degree behaviors are specific to certain cultures.
individualism
A set of values that give priority to
personal rather than to group goals
collectivism
A set of values that support the group.
socioeconomic status (SES)
A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
Educating Students from Low-SES Backgrounds need…/
discipline, motivation, parent involvement, mentoring, untapped knowledge
ethnicity
A shared pattern of characteristics such
as cultural heritage, nationality, race, religion, and
language.
prejudice
An unjustified negative attitude toward
an individual because of the individual’s membership in a group.
