Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personality disorders 1 > Personality disorders 1 > Flashcards

Personality disorders 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A
  • an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the norms and expectations of the individual’s culture and is manifested in at least two of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control- is pervasive and inflexible
  • has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood
  • is stable over time
  • leads to distress or impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Paranoid personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narcissistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

Avoidant
Dependant
Obsessive-compulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cluster A - descriptive similarities

A

Odd and eccentric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cluster B - descriptive similarities

A

Dramatic, emotional and erratic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cluster C - descriptive similarities

A

Anxious and fearful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Definition of personality traits

A

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Difference between personality traits and personality disorders?

A

Only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute personality disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main characteristics of a personality disorder?

A

Enduring pattern of
- thinking
- feeling
- behaving
that is relatively stable over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which is the one PD that cannot be diagnosed before 18 years of age?

A

APD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which personality disorders become less evident or to remit with age?

A

APD and BPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In which cases can a personality disorder be diagnosed before 18 years of age?

A
  • the individual’s particular maladaptive personalityt raits appear to be pervasive, persistent, and unlikely to be limited to a particular developmental stage or another mental disorder
  • the features must have been present for at least 1 year.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which personality disorders are more often diagnosed in males?

A

APD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which personality disorders are more often diagnosed in females?

A

Borderline, histrionic and dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A personality disorder should be diagnosed only when:

A
  • the defining characteristics appeared before early adulthood
  • are typical of the individual’s long-term functioning
  • they do not occur exclusively during an episode of another mental disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the exclusion criterion in diagnosing the three personality disorders that may be related to the psychotic disorders (i.e., paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal)?

A

The pattern of behavior must not have occurred exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diagnostic criteria for paranoid PD

A

A. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:

  1. Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.
  2. Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
  3. Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
  4. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
  5. Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights).
  6. Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
  7. Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, or another psychotic disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many criteria do you have to have to diagnose paranoid PD?

A

4 or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The most common co-occurring personality disorders of paranoid PD:

A

Schizotypal, schizoid, narcissistic, avoidant, and borderline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In clinical samples paranoid PD is more often diagnosed in males or females?

A

Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diagnostic criteria for schizoid personality disorder

A

A. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:

  1. Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
  2. Almost always chooses solitary activities.
  3. Has little, if any, interest in having sexual experiences with another person.
  4. Takes pleasure in a few, if any, activities.
  5. Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
  6. Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others.
  7. Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity.

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder and is not attributable to the physiological effects of another medical condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many criteria does it take to diagnose schizoid PD?

A

4 or more

24
Q

Schizoid personality disorder most often co-occurs with which other PDs?

A

Schizotypal, paranoid, and avoidant personality disorders

25
Q

Schizoid personality disorder may have increased prevalence in?

A

The relatives of individuals with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder

26
Q

Schizoid personality disorder is more often diagnosed in males or females?

A

Males (slightly more often)

27
Q

How do we differentiate schizoid PD from autism spectrum disorders?

A

More severely impaired social interaction and stereotyped behaviors and interests in autism

28
Q

How can schizoid personality disorder be distinguished from schizotypal personality disorder?

A

By the lack of cognitive and perceptual distortions

29
Q

How can schizoid personality disorder be distinguished from paranoid PD?

A

By the lack of suspiciousness and paranoid ideation

30
Q

How can social isolation in schizoid personality disorder be distinguished from social isolation in avoidant PD?

A

Avoidant PD: attributable to fear of being embarrassed or found inadequate and excessive anticipation of rejection

Schizoid PD: a more pervasive detachment and limited desire for social intimacy

31
Q

How can social isolation in schizoid personality disorder be distinguished from social isolation in obsessive-compulsive PD?

A

Obsessive-compulsive: an apparent social detachment stemming from devotion to work and discomfort with emotions, but they do have an underlying capacity for intimacy

32
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder - diagnostic criteria

A

A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

  1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
  2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
  3. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
  4. Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
  5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
  6. Inappropriate or constricted affect.
  7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
  8. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
  9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.

B. Does not occur exclusively during the course of schizophrenia, a bipolar disorder or depressive disorder with psychotic features, another psychotic disorder, or autism spectrum disorder.

33
Q

How many of the criteria do you need to diagnose schizotypal PD?

A

5 or more of 9

34
Q

From 30% to 50% of individuals diagnosed with schizotypal PD have a concurrent diagnosis of?

A

Major depressive disorder

35
Q

Schizotypal disorder co-occurs frequently with which PDs?

A

Schizoid, paranoid, avoidant, and borderline personality disorders.

36
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder may be slightly more common in males or females?

A

Males

37
Q

How can schizotypal personality disorder be distinguished from delusional disorder, schizophrenia, and bipolar or depressive disorder with psychotic features?

A

These disorders are all characterized by a period of persistent psychotic symptoms (e.g., delusions and hallucinations)

38
Q

Milder forms of autism spectrum disorder are differentiated from schizotypal PD by?

A

The even greater lack of social awareness and emotional reciprocity and stereotyped behaviors and interests

39
Q

How can schizotypal personality disorder be distinguished from paranoid and schizoid personality disorders?

A

By the presence of cognitive or perceptual distortions and marked eccentricity or oddness

40
Q

How can schizotypal disorder be distinguished from avoidant personality disorder?

A

In avoidant PD an active desire for relationships is constrained by a fear of rejection, whereas in schizotypal personality disorder there is a lack of desire for relationships and persistent detachment.

41
Q

How can schizotypal disorder be distinguished from narcissistic personality disorder?

A

Individuals with a narcissistic personality disorder may also display suspiciousness, social withdrawal, or alienation, but in narcissistic personality disorder, these qualities derive primarily from fears of having imperfections or flaws revealed.

42
Q

How can schizotypal disorder be distinguished from borderline personality disorder?

A
  1. Individuals with a borderline personality disorder may also have transient, psychotic-like symptoms, but these are usually more closely related to affective shifts in response to stress (e.g., intense anger, anxiety, disappointment) and are usually more dissociative (e.g., derealization, depersonalization). In contrast, individuals with schizotypal personality disorder are more likely to have enduring psychotic-like symptoms that may worsen under stress but are less likely to be invariably associated with pronounced affective symptoms
  2. Social isolation in BPD is usually secondary to repeated interpersonal failures due to angry outbursts and frequent mood shifts, rather than a result of a persistent lack of social contact and desire for intimacy.
  3. Individuals with a schizotypal personality disorder do not usually demonstrate the impulsive or manipulative behaviors of the individual with a borderline personality disorder.
43
Q

Diagnostic criteria for antisocial personality disorder?

A

A. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:

  1. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
  2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
  3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
  4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
  5. Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others.
  6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
  7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

B. The individual is at least age 18 years.

C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.

D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

44
Q

How many criteria do you need to diagnose APD?

A

3 or more of 7

45
Q

Criteria for a conduct disorder

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. The specific behaviors characteristic of conduct disorder fall into one of four categories: aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious violation of rules.

46
Q

The likelihood of developing antisocial personality disorder in adult life is increased if the individual experienced?

A

Childhood onset of conduct disorder (before age 10 years) and accompanying attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

47
Q

Risk factors for conduct disorder?

A

Child abuse or neglect, unstable or erratic parenting, or inconsistent parental discipline

48
Q

Is antisocial PD more prevalent in men or women?

A

Men

49
Q

How to distinguish between antisocial and narcissistic PD?

A

Narcissistic personality disorder does not include characteristics of impulsivity, aggression, and deceit. In addition, individuals with an antisocial personality disorder may not be as needy of the admiration and envy of others, and persons with narcissistic personality disorder usually lack a history of conduct disorder in childhood or criminal behavior in adulthood

50
Q

Common features of narcissistic and antisocial PD?

A

Tough-minded, glib, superficial, exploitative, and lack empathy

51
Q

Common features of histrionic and antisocial PD?

A

A tendency to be impulsive, superficial, excitement seeking, reckless, seductive, and manipulative

52
Q

How to distinguish between antisocial and histrionic PD?

A

Persons with histrionic personality disorder tend to be more exaggerated in their emotions and do not characteristically engage in antisocial behaviors
histrionic: manipulative to gain nurturance
antisocial: manipulative to gain power or profit

53
Q

How to distinguish between antisocial and BPD?

A

BPD manipulative to gain nurturance
antisocial: manipulative to gain profit or power
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to be less emotionally unstable and more aggressive than those with borderline personality disorder

54
Q

How to distinguish between antisocial and paranoid?

A

Antisocial behavior in paranoid PD is motivated by a desire for revenge and not by a desire for personal gain or to exploit others as in antisocial PD

55
Q

Diagnostic criteria for BPD

A

A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:

  1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)
  2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.
  3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
  4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)
  5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior.
  6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days).
  7. Chronic feelings of emptiness.
  8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
  9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.
56
Q

How many criteria do you need to diagnose BPD?

A

5 or more of 9

Personality disorders 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions