personality disorders Flashcards
(27 cards)
what are the “big five” dimensions of personality?
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
which iteration of the DSM first formally introduced personality disorders? what were they called before?
- DSM-III (under Axis 2 disorders)
- previously called “character disorders”, and there was less of an attempt to differentiate between tonic and phasic behaviours
at what age do personality disorders first appear?
must onset in adolescence or early adulthood
which personality disorders fall under cluster A?
odd/eccentric
1. schizotypal
2. schizoid
3. paranoid
which personality disorders fall under cluster B?
dramatic/emotional/erratic
1. antisocial
2. borderline
3. histrionic
4. narcissistic
which personality disorder fall under cluster C?
anxious/fearful
1. avoidant
2. dependent
3. obsessive-compulsive
what is the estimated prevalence of PDs in the population?
5-15%
which types of disorders are most likely to be comorbid with PDs?
- other PDs
- axis I disorders
what are the proposed revisions to the DSM-V relating to PDs?
- change from categorical model to hybrid categorical-dimensional model
- get rid of dependent, histrionic, schizoid, and paranoid PDs
what are the two major gender bias in the diagnosis of PDs?
clinicians are reluctant to diagnose…
- women with ASPD
- men with histrionic PD
what is the gender discrepancy in the prevalence of BPD?
80% of people with BPD are women
which cluster of PDs is the least well-studied?
cluster A: odd and eccentric
what are the main characteristics of paranoid PD?
- pervasive suspiciousness
- tendency to see the self as blameless
- on guard for perceived attacks from others
is paranoid PD more likely to be diagnosed in men or women?
men
what are the main characteristics of schizoid PD?
- near total lack of interest in intimate involvement with others
- limited emotional responsiveness
- often oblivious to social cues
what are the main characteristics of schizotypal PD?
- cognitive distortions
- eccentricity of thought or behaviour
- mild version of schizophrenia; contact with reality maintained
what are the main characteristics of histrionic PD?
- highly dramatic, lively, extraverted
- high excitement-seeking
- low self-consciousness
- preoccupation with physical appearance
- irritability and temper outbursts when attention-seeking is frustrated
what are the main characteristics of narcissistic PD?
- grandiosity
- preoccupation with receiving attention
- self-promoting
- lack of empathy
- easily offended
- hypercritical and retaliatory towards others when not validated
what is the etiology of narcissistic PD?
- sense of grandiosity is associated with parental overvaluation
- vulnerable presentation of narcissism is associated with childhood abuse and/or intrusive, controlling, or cold parenting styles
what are the main characteristics of avoidant PD?
- extreme inhibition and persistent sense of inadequacy
- avoid interpersonal contact due to extreme sensitivity and criticism
- extreme loneliness, low self-esteem, excessive self-consciousness
what are the main characteristics of dependent PD?
- inability to function independently, feel helpless when alone
- tend to adopt a submissive role in relationships to elicit a caregiving role from others
- allow others to assume responsibility for multiple aspects of their lives; passive in decision-making
in what way is dependent PD culture-specific?
more common in highly individualistic cultures
what are the main characteristics of OCPD?
- inflexibility and desire for perfection
- preoccupation with rules and order
- often moralistic and judgmental
- viewed by others as rigid, stubborn, cold
how does Clark attempt to challenge the dominant view of personality?
personality continues to evolve into adulthood, and is much less stable than previously believed
