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Personality Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Traits as internal causal properties

A

Biological models
Behaviour genetics
Can lie dormant - not expressed
Explains needs/ wants

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2
Q

Traits as descriptive summaries

A

Behaviour models
Personality is a learned habitual response to situations

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3
Q

Act frequency formulation

A

Traits are categories of acts
Traits as descriptive summary of general trend in a persons behaviour relative to others
Good for identifying behavioural regularities

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4
Q

Act nominations

A

Designed to identify which acts belong in which trait categories

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5
Q

Prototypical judgments

A

Identifying which acts are most central of each trait category

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6
Q

Lexical approach to traits

A

Trait terms incorporated into language
Ex. Searching dictionaries for trait terms
Problems: many traits can’t be described with an adjective

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7
Q

Statistical approach to traits

A

Factor analysis
Identify major dimensions of personality

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8
Q

Theoretical approach

A

Starts with a theory which then determines which variables are important
Ex. Humours and black bile

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9
Q

Eysenck

A

PEN - psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism
Hierarchies approach
Uses spectrum (neuroticism, emotional stability - extroversion, introversion)
Believed in heritability

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10
Q

Cartel

A

16 factor system
Some say this is too many

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11
Q

Wiggins

A

Circumflex
Focused on interpersonal traits involving exchanges between two people
Specified relationship between traits

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12
Q

Big 5

A

OCEAN
most used
Repeated in different languages
Reputable

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13
Q

Critiques of big 5

A

Omits important aspects of personality:
Positive and negative evaluation
Masculinity/ femininity
Spirituality
Sexuality
Attitudes

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14
Q

HEXACO

A

By western graduates
Big 5 plus honesty/humility - accounts for spirituality/ religiosity

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15
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Developed client centred therapy
Humanist
Client = the self

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16
Q

Development of self concept

A

Infant: realize you are different from rest of world
Toddler: sense of language - self concept includes family
3-12: development of skills and talents “look at me” era
Adolescent: empathy develops

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17
Q

Objective self awareness

A

Seeing yourself as an object of other attention - beginning of social identity

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18
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Being disingenuous with your self and inner values

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19
Q

Humanistic approach

A

Focus on individuals self care and growth as opposed to focus on experiments and stats
Treats individuals as uniquely human

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20
Q

Existential Psychology

A

System of views and practices based on existentialism principles that individuals existence and experience is unique - emphasizes free will

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21
Q

Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization
First four are deficit needs
Self actualization isn’t achieved once first four are - life long process, requires lots of inner work

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22
Q

B-values

A

Being values - beauty wholeness justice meaningfulness

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23
Q

Flow

A

State of complete concentration and joyful immersion in situation or activity

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24
Q

Autotelic personality

A

People who seek and create situations in which they experience flow states - find balance between serious things and play - they must learn how to set realistic goals and stay focused

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25
Happiness views
- material possessions - basic needs being met - comparison: happiness based on others evaluation of you - expectation view - goals set and if they were accomplished as means of happiness Biological view - happiness is genetic Spiritual view - inner factors and spiritual connection
26
Existential therapy
Based on assumption that we should take full responsibility for outcomes of our behaviour, experiences and feelings
27
Holistic health
Physical mental and spiritual factors are equally important in individuals health both in illness and treatment
28
Narrative medicine and psychology
Narrative medicine - helps medical professionals recognize, interpret and be moved by stories of illness - training physicians to take specific personal history of patient into account Narrative psych - how stories shape lives - uses storytelling as part of psychotherapy
29
Public diplomacy
Organized interaction among citizens of different countries to establish a dialogue intended to find solutions to international disputes
30
Client centered therapy
Rogers Empathetic listening Unconditional positive regard Sat INFRONT of patients Accept whatever is said
31
Self concept
Guides how each person processes information about themselves
32
Self schemata
Chapter of self concept Built on past experience Specific knowledge strictures or cognitive representations of self concept
33
Self esteem vs self efficacy
Self esteem is worth Efficacy is capabilities
34
Defensive pessimism
Expect to fail, when failure occurs not new negative info about self is revealed
35
Self handicapping
Deliberately doing things poorly to excuse failure
36
Absentmindedness
Lack of practical skills, common sense or attention
37
Allport
Character and personality were different entities Character - moral category personality - objective self
38
Taxonomy
Practice of naming and organizing things scientifically
39
Wisdom
Ability to feel judge and act based on reason common sense vast knowledge and ethics
40
Cognitive approach
Behaviour guided by cognitions
41
Calkin’s self psychology
Self Object Self relation or attitude to object
42
Gestalt tradition
Ideas about holistic nature of human experience, emphases on actuality of moment Embracing immediate experience
43
Least effort principle
Minimize number of cognitive operations required to meet a goal
44
Personal construct approach
Certain ideas we have are likely to predict existence of other ideas So Our inner world is an expectable system
45
Collectivist culture
Report lower self esteem Focus on needs of others/ collective is emphasized
46
Individualistic culture
Focus on the self Higher self esteem as it is prioritized
47
Cognitive therapy
Collaborative empiricism
48
Applied spirituality
Psychologists turning to spirituality as mediating factor in therapy to help individuals recover from emotional problems and traumas Self knowledge improvement is emphasized
49
Gamblers fallacy
If something is happening more frequently then normal in a period it will happen less frequently in the future and vice versa
50
Attitude dissonance
Individual should maintain non contradictory view of self and world
51
Attitudes
Cognitive representations and evaluations of various features of the social and physical world based on personal experience
52
Zone of proximal development
Difference between child’s learning progress with help to guidance and this child’s learning achievement without guidance of adult - child is typically capable of learning more then adult thinks
53
Uncertainty orientation
Refers to common ways used by people to handle uncertainty in daily life
54
Uncertainty avoidance
Degree to which members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty
55
Socialization
Process where individual becomes ember of society and takes on its ideas and behaviours
56
Power distance
Extent to which the members of society accept that power in institutions is distributed unequally - people in high power distance countries tend to accept inequality between leaders and regular people
57
Openness model of traits
Suggests people DO constantly change their behaviours, encounter new experiences, and adjust the changing life situations - early experiences do not necessarily determine who you are today as a person - traits and habits evolve
58
Morality
Complex cognitive, emotional and behaviours construct associated with person understanding of right and wrong based on societal norms
59
Individualism
Pattern of cognition and behaviour based on concern for oneself and immediate people as opposed to society or larger community
60
Emerging adulthood
Late teens to mid 20’s or sometimes later Characterized by self-focused exploration of possibilities in work, relationships, interests, and values
61
Developmental stages
Definite periods in life characterized by certain physical psychological behavioural and social characteristics
62
Consistency mod
Most people learn behaviours and develop stable traits early in life and tend not to change them later
63
Piaget stages of development
Sensorimotor - interaction with immediate environments Preoperational - language and imagination Concrete Operations - logic Formal Operations - hypothetical thinking
64
Assimilation and Accommodation
Adopting operations with new object into older mind patterns modifying one’s mental structures to fit new demand of environment Both fundamental biological processes and work in trade to help individuals advance their understand of the world
65
Piaget
Believed process of development progresses in stages determined by child’s developing brain, skills and social environment - movement from on stage to another is natural process - traits are predetermined due to variety of natural factors unfolding within interaction and social circumstances
66
Androcentrism
Places males at center of narrative
67
Gender
Set of behavioural cultural or psychological desires associated with individuals sex
68
Gender consistency
Understanding that maleness or femaleness is consistent across situations regardless in changes of appearance or activities
69
Gender identity
Individuals self determined gender
70
Gender nonconforming
People who don’t identify with gender of the sex they were assigned at birth
71
Gender roles
Prescriptions and expectations assigned to genders and embedded in cultural norms
72
Masculine protest
Psychological reaction of opposing male dominance
73
Natural dominance
Incorrect assumption of biological superiority
74
Metrosexual
Popularized in media Straight Men who have feminine characteristics related to grooming, appearance and clothes
75
Sexuality
Capacity for erotic experiences and related behavioural responses
76
Transvestic fetishism
Disorder where individuals fantasize about cross dressing causing significant distress to person and functioning
77
Sexism
Prejudice resulting in discrimination based on views of sex or gender
78
Gender similarities hypothesis
Males and females are alike on most but not all psychological variables
79
Variability hypotheses - gender
Men and women are likely to be similar in many ways but men’s scores groups around either end of spectrum and women’s are more spread out - men are either really good or really bad at things
80
Shyness
Not introverts - desire friendship and social interaction Held back by insecurities and fears Chronic objective self awareness Associated with some type of narcissism - not seeing themselves as better but always thinking about how they’re being perceived Interpret situations negatively and expect others to dislike them
81
Androgyny
Someone who scores high on masculinity and femininity
82
Sex differences
Average differences between men and women Can be controversial and used to enforce sexism and political agendas
83
Psychology of sex differences
Maccoby and Jacklyn Developed more precise quantitative procedures for examining conclusions scored studied and for determining sex differences
84
Psychology of sex differences
Maccoby and Jacklyn Developed more precise quantitative procedures for examining conclusions scored studied and for determining sex differences
85
Effect size/ d-stat
Used to express differences in standard deviation units Larger d value = larger effect D = mean1 - mean2 : sd of both Of result is positive mean1 is larger 0.2 or -0.2 = small difference 0.8 or -0.8 = large differences
86
Undifferentiated
Someone who scores low on both M and F
87
Bem sex role inventory
Sandra Bem’s model that measures masculinity and femininity
88
Childhood self esteem
Identifies expectation for Beauvoir and either does or does not fulfill expectations
89
Features of identity
Continuity - people expect you to be the same person Contrast - your social identity differentiates you from others - you are unique in eyes of others

Personality (3 decks)

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