Perspective

Question 1

What is the definition of Humanistic Perspective?

Answer 1

Emphasizes empathy and stresses good human behavior. Help improve an individual’s self-image or self-actualization. Incongruence between ideal-self and actual-self.

Question 2

A researcher compares the brain sizes of two groups of rats. Group 1 has been raised in impoverished cages with minimal access to socialization and exercise. Group 2 has been raised in enriched cages with regular access to socialization and exercise. This is the best described as a study of:

Answer 2

Neural plasticity: the ability of the brain to change throughout an individual’s life.

Question 3

Define Demographic

Answer 3

Relating to the structure of populations

Question 4

Define demographic transition

Answer 4

Theory of economic development and population change. The theory suggests that economic changes affect the relationship between the fertility and morality rates in a society.

Question 5

What is social epidemiology?

Answer 5

It emphasizes how social factors, such as race or class, affect the distribution of health and disease. How health and disease are conditioned by the social context.

Question 6

Giving a participant a moderate electric shock that the participant cannot escape would result in learned helplessness because

Answer 6

Uncontrollable exposure to an aversive stimulus results in learned helplessness, independently of the intensity of the punishment.

Question 7

Describe anomie

Answer 7

The alienation that individuals feel when soical norms and social bonds are weak. Without attachment to society, people will experience purposelesseness and aimlessness

Question 8

enhanced memory when testing takes place under the same conditions as learning describes what principle?

Answer 8

The encoding specificity principle is the general principle that matching the encoding contexts of information at recall assists in the retrieval of episodic memories. It provides a framework for understanding how the conditions present while encoding information relate to memory and recall of that information.

Question 9

Describe positive reinforcement

Answer 9

Stimulus is added and behavior continues.

Question 10

Describe negative reinforcement

Answer 10

Stimulus is removed and behavior continues or escape of the stimulus through continuing the behavior.

Question 11

Describe positive punishment

Answer 11

Stimulus is added and behavior stops.

Question 12

Describe negative punishment

Answer 12

Stimulus is removed and behavior stops.

Question 13

What type of memory do facts and concepts fall under?

Answer 13

Semantic memory

Question 14

What type of memory does events and experiences fall under?

Answer 14

Episodic memory

Question 15

Motivation based on external circumstances is?

Answer 15

Extrinsic motivation

Question 16

Motivation based on internal drive or perception is?

Answer 16

Intrinsic motivation

Question 17

What theory describes individuals acting to relieve internal states of tension

Answer 17

Drive reduction theory

Question 18

List Maslow's Hierarchy of needs:
Top
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Bottom

Answer 18

Top (least important)
1. Self-actualization
2. Self-esteem
3. Love and belonging
4. Safety
5. Physiological
Bottom (most important)

Question 19

“I am afraid because my heart is pounding.”

Answer 19

James-Lange theory of emotion.
Stimulus
Body response (physiological)
subjective experience/conscious emotion

Question 20

“My heart is pounding and the wolf makes me feel afraid.”

Answer 20

Cannon-Bard theory

Experiences body response and conscious emotion at the same time (cannon splits!)

Question 21

“My pounding heart signifies fear because I have appraised the situation as dangerous!”

Answer 21

Schachter-singer

Body response and cognitive appraisal/interpretation leads to the subjective experience of fear (conscious emotion).

Question 22

Having a bias towards making dispositional (ex: personality) attributions vs situational attributions is?

Answer 22

Fundamental attribution error.
Your disposition is fundamental.
Fundamental attribution error refers to stressing the importance of dispositional (i.e., personality) factors in one’s explanations of other people’s behavior and underemphasizing situational factors.

Question 23

Adolescents will be stigmatized regardless of their individual behaviors. This predication represents what theory?

Answer 23

Labeling Theory is a perspective on deviance that suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior

Question 24

An individual will modify his or her front stage self in response to the perceived audience is an example of?

Answer 24

a dramaturgical approach

Question 25

When an individual works on a challenging task in front of an audience. This might increase arousal beyond optimal and interfere with performance.

Answer 25

When does social facilitation occur?

Question 26

For a person to grow they need an environment that provides them with genuineness, acceptance, and empathy describes what motivation model?

Answer 26

Roger’s humanistic theory

Question 27

Beck’s cognitive theory of depression

Answer 27

Beck’s cognitive theory

1. the cognitive triad (of negative automatic thinking) negative thoughts of self, world and future
2. Negative self schemas
3. Errors in logic

Question 28

The theory that emotions are pairs of opposites

Answer 28

Solomon’s opponent process model

Question 29

What model integrates the influence of biological predispositions and the environment when describing individual influences on behavior?

Answer 29

The diathesis-stress model

Question 30

Group polarization affects __.

Answer 30

attitude toward a topic.

Question 31

In understanding social structure which perspective explains individual behavior will be based on implicit analysis of the costs and benefits of actions.

Answer 31

The rational choice perspective.

Question 32

Max attends a party and does not make eye contact with, or approach, his acquaintance, Sam. According to the actor–observer bias, which graph best represents how Max and Sam view this behavior?

Answer 32

the actor­–observer bias, actors attribute their own behavior to situational factors (not feeling well) whereas observers attribute actors’ behavior to dispositional factors (social awkwardness).

Question 33

Define conformity

Answer 33

compliance with standards, rules, or laws.

Question 34

Define group polarization

Answer 34

group polarization refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

Question 35

Synchronous actions would make participants more prone to comply with prompts to act aggressively. This is an example of?

Answer 35

Conformity

Question 36

Define subjective view

Answer 36

personal view

Question 37

Define objectieve view

Answer 37

put aside your own views and consider a view that is not your own.