Perspectives in Theories of Personality

Question 1

personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind

Answer 1

psychodynamic theories

Question 2

this perspective on personality was created by Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association, and slips of tongue

Answer 2

psychodynamic theories

Question 3

neo-freudian theorists, including erik erikson, carl jung, alfred adler, and karen horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious but disagreed with other aspects of freud’s theories

Answer 3

psychodynamic theories

Question 4

sees unconscious mind and motives as much more powerful than the conscious awareness

Answer 4

psychodynamic theories

Question 5

used dream interpretation to uncover the unconscious thoughts and feelings

Answer 5

psychodynamic theories

Question 6

these theorists moved away from the importance of sexuality and more toward social and cultural forces

Answer 6

psychodynamic theories

Question 7

the trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality

Answer 7

dispositional theories

Question 8

by understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals

Answer 8

dispositional theories

Question 9

argue that the unique and long term tendencies to behave in particular ways are the essence of our personality ( extraversion, anxierty)

Answer 9

trait perspective / dispositional theories

Question 10

behavior, thought, feelings, and personality are influenced by differences in basic genetic, epigenetic, and neurological systems between individuals.

Answer 10

biological - evolutionary

Question 11

the reason some people have different traits, dispositions, and ways of thinking stems from differences in their genotype and central nervous system ( brain structures and neurochemistry)

Answer 11

biological - evolutionary

Question 12

because they are based on evolved brain systems, human thought, behavior, and personality have been shaped by forces of evolution (natural and sexual selection) over millions of years

Answer 12

biological - evolutionary

Question 13

the body, brain, and environment co-exist and coevolve, and so more than any other psychological perspective, this one emphasizes that what we think, feel, and do is always an interaction between nature (biological) and nurture (environment)

Answer 13

biological - evolutionary

Question 14

the primary assumption of the humanistic (positive psychology) approach is that people strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health.

Answer 14

humanistic - existential theories

Question 15

existential theorists assume that not only are we driven by a search for meaning, but also that negative experiences such as failure, awareness of death, death of a loved one, and anxiety, are part of the human condition and can foster psychological growth

Answer 15

humanistic - existential theories

Question 16

focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness

Answer 16

humanistic - existential theories

Question 17

it takes more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential

Answer 17

humanistic - existential theories

Question 18

what personality we have is shaped by how we thinks and perceive the world (cognitive perspective)

Answer 18

learning (social) cognitive theories

Question 19

all behaviors are learned through association and / or its consequences (whether it is reinforced or punished)

Answer 19

learning (social) cognitive theories

Question 20

to shape desire behavior we have to understand and then establish the conditions that bring about those particular behaviors

Answer 20

learning (social) cognitive theories

Question 21

if you want to understand behavior, then focus only on behavior, not on hypothetical and unobservable internal states such as thoughts, feelings, drives, or motives

Answer 21

learning (social) cognitive theories

Question 22

Primary assumptions: * first 5 years of life most shape personality * unconscious forces are most important * neurosis results from unhealthy moving toward, against, or away from others

Answer 22

psychodynamic

Question 23

focus/ key terms : unconscious, early recollections, collective unconscious, archetypes, object-relations, identity crises, relatedness

Answer 23

psychodynamic

Question 24

key figures: freud, adler, carl jung, klien, horney, erikson, fromm,

Answer 24

psychodynamic

Question 25

primary assumptions: * people strive to live meaningful, happy lives* people are motivated by growth and psychological health * personality is shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety, and awareness of death

Answer 25

humanistic- existential

Question 26

focus/ key terms: meaningful life, psychological well-being and growth

Answer 26

humanistic- existential

Question 27

key figures: maslow, rogers, may

Answer 27

humanistic- existential

Question 28

people are predisposed to behave in unique and consistent ways; they have unique traits

Answer 28

dispositional

Question 29

there are five trait dimensions in human personality

Answer 29

dispositional

Question 30

focus/ key terms: traits, motives

Answer 30

dispositional

Question 31

allport, mccrae and costa

Answer 31

dispositional

Question 32

the foundation for thought and behavior is biological and genetic forces

Answer 32

biological-evolutionary

Question 33

human thought and behavior have been shaped by evolutionary forces (natural and sexual selection)

Answer 33

biological-evolutionary

Question 34

focus/ key terms: brain structures, neurochemicals, and genes adaptive mechanisms

Answer 34

biological-evolutionary

Question 35

key figures: eysenck, buss

Answer 35

biological-evolutionary

Question 36

primary assumptions: only explanation for behavior is the conditions that create behavior

Answer 36

learning-(social) cognitive

Question 37

primary assumptions: learning occurs through association and consequences of our behavior

Answer 37

learning-(social) cognitive

Question 38

primary assumptions: learning also occurs through succeeding or failing and watching other people succeed or fails at tasks

Answer 38

learning-(social) cognitive

Question 39

primary assumptions: personality develops as an interaction between internal and external characteristics of the person

Answer 39

learning-(social) cognitive

Question 40

primary assumptions: the cognitive constructs we develop to perceive the world and others mold our personalities

Answer 40

learning-(social) cognitive

Question 41

focus key terms: conditioned responses, shaping, reinforcement, observational learning, modeling, self-efficacy, cognitive-effective units, constructs

Answer 41

learning-(social) cognitive

Question 42

key figures: skinner, bandura, rotter, mischel, kelly

Answer 42

learning-(social) cognitive