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pesticide Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

define pesticide

A

kills or harm some form of life. any substance or mixture for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.

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2
Q

what was historically used as a fumigant to kill bacteria and fungi?

A

sulfur and it is widely used today

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3
Q

true or false? there is no such thing as a safe pesticide?

A

True

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4
Q

what are insecticides?

A

neurotoxicants that poison the nervous system

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5
Q

what are organochlorine insecticides?

A

organochlorine (chlorinated hydrocarbon) insecticides are a diverse group of agents

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6
Q

what makes organchlorine good insecticides?

A

low votality
chemical stability
lipid solubility
slow rate of biotransformation and degradation

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7
Q

what makes organochlorine bad insecticides?

A

persists in the environment
bioaccumulates
is biomagnified through food chains

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8
Q

what are ways of pesticide exposure?

A

General population - food, water, air
Bystander exposure - home(families) and serial drift
occupational exposure- manufacturing, greenhouse workers, mixer-loaders, applicators, harvesting, handling
Poisonings - accidental or suicidal

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9
Q

how does dosage increase for pesticide exposure?

From low to high mg/kg body weight?

A
  1. general population
  2. bystander effect
  3. occupational exposure
  4. poisonings
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10
Q

what are the classes of insecticides?

A

organochlorine insecticides
organophosphate/carbamate insecticides
pyrethroid insecticides

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11
Q

mechanism of action of organophosphate and carbamates?

A

excess acetylcholine

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12
Q

mechanism of action of organochlorines and pyrethroids

A

enzymes and axonal membranes

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13
Q

chronic signs of Organochlorine insecticides?

A

EEG pattern changes
anxiety
hyperexcitability

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14
Q

acute sings of organochlorine insecticides?

A

dizziness
headache
nausea
vomiting

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15
Q

how does the patch test show exposure to organochlorines dienochlor?

A

hyperpigmentation occurs

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16
Q

mechanism of action for DDT type of pesticides?

A

repetitive discharges in neurons result inh intermittent tremoring/convulsive seizures
nerve membrance is sensitive to very small stimuli

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17
Q

what type of pesticide causes prolonged repolarization

A

DDT and K+ is critical for repolarization

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18
Q

what type of pesticide causes negative afterpotential?

A

DDT

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19
Q

where do chlorinated cyclodiene, benzene, and cyclohexane type insecticides act on?

A

In CNS

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20
Q

what is picrotoxin?

A

nerve excitant and antagonist of neurotransmitter GABA in the CNS

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21
Q

what is DDT broken down to?

22
Q

biotransformation for cyclodiene type of insecticides is ?

23
Q

how is poisoing of insecticides life threating?

Study These Flashcards
A

causes tremors and motor seizures

24
Q

how do you treat or decontaminate insecticides?

Study These Flashcards
A

administer diazepam or phenobarbital to control convulsions

25
what do organophosphate and carbamate have in common?
similar mechanism of action | both inhibit actionof acetylcholinesterase at the synapse btw 2 neurons or motor neuron or muscle
26
how is cholinesterase inhibited?
activity of end organ does not cease and OP binds to cholinesterase preventing regeneration
27
whats acetylcholinesterase (AchEase)?
enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter acetylcholine
28
which insecticide are irreversible and reversible inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase?
organophosphate compounds are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase carbamate compounds are reversible inhibitors of AChEase
29
what is the acronym for cholinesterase inhibition syndrome?
``` DUMBELS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchorrhea Emesis Lacrimation Salivation ```
30
what are common clinical presentations with cholinesterase inhibitors?
``` nausea vomiting miosis sweating, urinary frequency non specific constitutional symptoms ```
31
what are management for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning?
collection of serume, urine, and clothing samples hospitalize for severe symptoms treat with atropine or pralidoxime workplace restrictions
32
the treatment of atropine for cholinesterase inhibitor does what?
reverses DUMBELS syndrome
33
what does treatement of pralidoxime for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning do?
2 PAM reactivates cholinesterase | cholinesterase levels rise
34
what are pyrethroid insecticides?
synthetic chemicals similar to insecticides extracted from pyrethrum or chrysanthemum flowers.
35
health effects of pyrethrins?
low systemic toxicity respiratory sensitization (asthma) skin reactions
36
whats the pyrethrins and pyrethroids mechanism of toxicity?
prolonged inactivation of nerve membrane sodium channels Type I - shorter inactivation Type II - longer inactivation
37
what do Type I and Type II pyrethrins and pyrethoids both inhibit?
both inhibit Ca/Mg ATpase which increases Ca2+ levels and neurotransmitter release
38
how to treat pyrethrin and pyrethroid illness?
decontaminate vitamin E cream symptomatic therapy remove from further exposure
39
dipyridyl compounds are found in?
herbicides
40
what are the dipyridyl compounds found in herbicides?
paraquat | diquat
41
paraquat toxicity through ingestioin causes?
``` GI tract edema, ulcers hepatocellular injury acute tubular necrosis pulmonary fibrosis lung liver kidney damage ```
42
what are the outcomes of different paraquat levels?
survival likely in less than 1 urine and less than 20 blood pulmonary fibrosis in 1-1000 in urine and 20-40 in blood death w/in 24 hrs if 10-10,000 urine and greater than 40 in blood.
43
the herbicide glyphosate causes?
skin and eye irritation | death if large amound ingested
44
what are fumigants?
halogenated hydrocarbons inorganic compounds pro-fumigants metal phosphides
45
methyl bromide acute toxicity
``` blisters delayed pulmonary edema CNS depressant (usual cause of death) ```
46
list of fumigants
sulfurlyl flouride methyl bromide (blistering) metam sodium (cough) phosphide compounds
47
list of fungicides
``` thiocarbamates (skin rash, pear picker) phalimide derivatives substituted aromatics inorganic captan (dermititis) ```
48
health effects of fungicides?
dermatitis | possible carcinogen
49
what causes ashy dermatitis?
chlorothalonil
50
characteristics of rodenticides?
no bait shyness makes animal continue to eat it causes non suspicous death makes intoxicated animal go out to the open to die species specific by being low toxic to other animals
51
What are chronic illnesses of organochlorines
Impairment of spermatogenesis Hesperexcitability EEG pattern changes Anxiety
52
What are the 3 types of herbicides?
Dipyridal compounds which are parquet and diquat Glyphosate Phenoxy compounds

toxicology (7 decks)

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