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toxicology > pesticide > Flashcards

pesticide Flashcards

1
Q

define pesticide

A

kills or harm some form of life. any substance or mixture for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.

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2
Q

what was historically used as a fumigant to kill bacteria and fungi?

A

sulfur and it is widely used today

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3
Q

true or false? there is no such thing as a safe pesticide?

A

True

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4
Q

what are insecticides?

A

neurotoxicants that poison the nervous system

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5
Q

what are organochlorine insecticides?

A

organochlorine (chlorinated hydrocarbon) insecticides are a diverse group of agents

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6
Q

what makes organchlorine good insecticides?

A

low votality
chemical stability
lipid solubility
slow rate of biotransformation and degradation

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7
Q

what makes organochlorine bad insecticides?

A

persists in the environment
bioaccumulates
is biomagnified through food chains

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8
Q

what are ways of pesticide exposure?

A

General population - food, water, air
Bystander exposure - home(families) and serial drift
occupational exposure- manufacturing, greenhouse workers, mixer-loaders, applicators, harvesting, handling
Poisonings - accidental or suicidal

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9
Q

how does dosage increase for pesticide exposure?

From low to high mg/kg body weight?

A
  1. general population
  2. bystander effect
  3. occupational exposure
  4. poisonings
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10
Q

what are the classes of insecticides?

A

organochlorine insecticides
organophosphate/carbamate insecticides
pyrethroid insecticides

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11
Q

mechanism of action of organophosphate and carbamates?

A

excess acetylcholine

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12
Q

mechanism of action of organochlorines and pyrethroids

A

enzymes and axonal membranes

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13
Q

chronic signs of Organochlorine insecticides?

A

EEG pattern changes
anxiety
hyperexcitability

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14
Q

acute sings of organochlorine insecticides?

A

dizziness
headache
nausea
vomiting

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15
Q

how does the patch test show exposure to organochlorines dienochlor?

A

hyperpigmentation occurs

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16
Q

mechanism of action for DDT type of pesticides?

A

repetitive discharges in neurons result inh intermittent tremoring/convulsive seizures
nerve membrance is sensitive to very small stimuli

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17
Q

what type of pesticide causes prolonged repolarization

A

DDT and K+ is critical for repolarization

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18
Q

what type of pesticide causes negative afterpotential?

A

DDT

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19
Q

where do chlorinated cyclodiene, benzene, and cyclohexane type insecticides act on?

A

In CNS

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20
Q

what is picrotoxin?

A

nerve excitant and antagonist of neurotransmitter GABA in the CNS

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21
Q

what is DDT broken down to?

A

DDE

22
Q

biotransformation for cyclodiene type of insecticides is ?

A

slow

23
Q

how is poisoing of insecticides life threating?

A

causes tremors and motor seizures

24
Q

how do you treat or decontaminate insecticides?

A

administer diazepam or phenobarbital to control convulsions

25
Q

what do organophosphate and carbamate have in common?

A

similar mechanism of action

both inhibit actionof acetylcholinesterase at the synapse btw 2 neurons or motor neuron or muscle

26
Q

how is cholinesterase inhibited?

A

activity of end organ does not cease and OP binds to cholinesterase preventing regeneration

27
Q

whats acetylcholinesterase (AchEase)?

A

enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitter acetylcholine

28
Q

which insecticide are irreversible and reversible inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase?

A

organophosphate compounds are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase
carbamate compounds are reversible inhibitors of AChEase

29
Q

what is the acronym for cholinesterase inhibition syndrome?

A 
DUMBELS
Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchorrhea
Emesis
Lacrimation
Salivation
30
Q

what are common clinical presentations with cholinesterase inhibitors?

A 
nausea
vomiting
miosis
sweating, urinary frequency
non specific constitutional symptoms
31
Q

what are management for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning?

A

collection of serume, urine, and clothing samples
hospitalize for severe symptoms
treat with atropine or pralidoxime
workplace restrictions

32
Q

the treatment of atropine for cholinesterase inhibitor does what?

A

reverses DUMBELS syndrome

33
Q

what does treatement of pralidoxime for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning do?

A

2 PAM reactivates cholinesterase

cholinesterase levels rise

34
Q

what are pyrethroid insecticides?

A

synthetic chemicals similar to insecticides extracted from pyrethrum or chrysanthemum flowers.

35
Q

health effects of pyrethrins?

A

low systemic toxicity
respiratory sensitization (asthma)
skin reactions

36
Q

whats the pyrethrins and pyrethroids mechanism of toxicity?

A

prolonged inactivation of nerve membrane sodium channels
Type I - shorter inactivation
Type II - longer inactivation

37
Q

what do Type I and Type II pyrethrins and pyrethoids both inhibit?

A

both inhibit Ca/Mg ATpase which increases Ca2+ levels and neurotransmitter release

38
Q

how to treat pyrethrin and pyrethroid illness?

A

decontaminate
vitamin E cream
symptomatic therapy
remove from further exposure

39
Q

dipyridyl compounds are found in?

A

herbicides

40
Q

what are the dipyridyl compounds found in herbicides?

A

paraquat

diquat

41
Q

paraquat toxicity through ingestioin causes?

A 
GI tract edema, ulcers
hepatocellular injury
acute tubular necrosis
pulmonary fibrosis
lung liver kidney damage
42
Q

what are the outcomes of different paraquat levels?

A

survival likely in less than 1 urine and less than 20 blood
pulmonary fibrosis in 1-1000 in urine and 20-40 in blood
death w/in 24 hrs if 10-10,000 urine and greater than 40 in blood.

43
Q

the herbicide glyphosate causes?

A

skin and eye irritation

death if large amound ingested

44
Q

what are fumigants?

A

halogenated hydrocarbons
inorganic compounds
pro-fumigants
metal phosphides

45
Q

methyl bromide acute toxicity

A 
blisters
delayed pulmonary edema
CNS depressant (usual cause of death)
46
Q

list of fumigants

A

sulfurlyl flouride
methyl bromide (blistering)
metam sodium (cough)
phosphide compounds

47
Q

list of fungicides

A 
thiocarbamates (skin rash, pear picker)
phalimide derivatives
substituted aromatics
inorganic
captan (dermititis)
48
Q

health effects of fungicides?

A

dermatitis

possible carcinogen

49
Q

what causes ashy dermatitis?

A

chlorothalonil

50
Q

characteristics of rodenticides?

A

no bait shyness makes animal continue to eat it
causes non suspicous death
makes intoxicated animal go out to the open to die
species specific by being low toxic to other animals

51
Q

What are chronic illnesses of organochlorines

A

Impairment of spermatogenesis
Hesperexcitability
EEG pattern changes
Anxiety

52
Q

What are the 3 types of herbicides?

A

Dipyridal compounds which are parquet and diquat
Glyphosate
Phenoxy compounds

toxicology (7 decks)

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