PF Flashcards
1
Q
What separates the lateral ventricles?
A
Septum pellucidum
2
Q
How does CSF pass from lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle?
A
Interventricular foramen
3
Q
How does CSF pass from 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle?
A
Aqueduct
4
Q
Structure that allows for communication between right and left brain
A
Corpus callosum
5
Q
What lobes does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?
A
Medial border of parietal lobe from occipital lobe
6
Q
What lobes do the lateral fissure separate?
A
Temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe
7
Q
What lobes do the central sulcus separate
A
Frontal and parietal lobes
8
Q
Which lobe is folded deep within the lateral fissure?
A
Insula / Insular lobe
9
Q
Which structure attaches the cerebellum to pons?
A
Middle cerebellar peduncle
10
Q
Which nerve emerges between the pyramids and olives of the medulla?
A
CN XII (Hypoglossal)
11
Q
At which level does the spinal cord end?
A
L2
12
Q
At which level can CSF safely be sampled from?
A
L4-L5
13
Q
List how many nerve roots there are in each:
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacral
- coccygeal
A
C: 8 T: 12 L: 5 S: 5 C: 1
14
Q
Is the grey/white matter peripherally/centrally located in the spinal cord?
A
Grey matter: Centrally located
White matter: Peripherally located
15
Q
Why is the arrangement of the spinal cord dangerous?
A
White matter contains neurones and injury to it causes loss to whole sensory feel whereas if grey matter was injured, it would only be the loss of a muscle movement.
16
Q
Is the (i) dorsal/ventral horn of the (ii) white/grey matter (iii) sensory/motor?
A
Dorsal horn of grey matter is sensory;
Ventral horn of grey matter is motor
17
Q
Is the (i) dorsal/ventral/lateral column of the (ii) white/grey matter (iii) sensory/motor/mixed?
A
Dorsal column of white matter is sensory,
Lateral column of white matter is mixed motor and sensory; Ventral column of white matter is mixed.
18
Q
Name 2 similarities between the dorsal column pathway and anterolateral pathway
A
- Both have 3 neurons
2. Both relay in the thalamus and cross over to the opposite side of the brain
19
Q
What does the dorsal column pathway detect?
A
Two point discrimination/Fine touch; Vibration and conscious position sense
20
Q
Which is more medial in the dorsal column? Gracile or Cuneate?
A
Gracile
21
Q
At the level of the medulla, has the neurons from the cuneate pathway crossed?
A
No
22
Q
At the level of the medulla, has the neurons from the anterolateral tract crossed?
A
Yes (crossed at spinal cord level)
23
Q
Name the two pathways to the cerebellum
A
- Dorsal spinocerebellar
2. Ventral spinocerebellar
24
Q
From where does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?
A
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
25
From where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract enter the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar peduncle
26
If a person gets stabbed in the right abdomen, he loses:
- pain sensation on the R/L?
- proprioception on the R/L?
Pain sensation on the left foot;
| proprioception on the right foot
27
What is the grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?
Periaqueductal grey (PAG)
28
What is periaqueductal grey?
PAG is the grey matter that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct
29
Primary area of visual cortex + which lobe is it on?
Area 17, Occipital lobe
30
Association areas of visual cortex
Area 18, 19, 20 (recognising faces)
31
Where can the primary motor cortex be found?
Precentral gyrus
32
What does the primary motor cortex control?
Force, direction and speed of muscle contraction
33
Which cortex lies in front of the primary motor cortex?
Premotor cortex
34
What is the function of the premotor cortex?
Preparation for action - posture and gait (Integration of spatial information and planned movement)
35
What is the function of the motor association cortex?
Organisation of complex movements
36
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?
Postcentral gyrus
37
What divides the pre-central and post-central gyrus?
Central sulcus
38
What is the function of the association somatosensory cortex?
Awareness/perception in space
39
What does an injury to Broca's area cause?
Expressive aphasia - language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence construction is poor but comprehension is okay
40
What does an injury to Wernicke's area cause
Receptive aphasia - hinders comprehension of spoken and written language - unable to understand meaningful language
41
Where is Broca's area and where is Wernicke's area?
Broca's - Left Frontal lobe
| Wernicke's - Left cortex, at junction between the temporal and parietal lobe (behind the primary auditory area)
42
Define expressive aphasia
Expressive aphasia is caused by an injury to Broca's area, resulting in a destruction of language and poor sentence construction, although the person has no issues with comprehension of language
43
Define receptive aphasia
Receptive aphasia is caused by an injury to Wernicke's area, resulting in lack of comprehension of spoken and written language, as the person is unable to understand meaningful language.
44
Name the 9 thalamic nuclei
1. Ventroposterolateral (VPL)
2. Ventroposteromedial (VPM)
3. Lateral geniculate
4. Medial geniculate
5. Ventroanterior
6. Ventrolateral
7. Anterior
8. Dorsomedial
9. Intralaminar
45
Which thalamic nuclei are involved in the communication with the somatosensory cortex?
- Ventroposterolateral (VPL) - sensory from body
| - Ventroposteromedial (VPM) - sensory from head
46
Which thalamic nucleus receives sensory information from body?
Ventroposterolateral (VPL)
47
What does the VPL nucleus receive?
Somatosensory information from the body
48
What does the VPM nucleus receive?
Somatosensory information from the head
49
Which thalamic nucleus receives sensory information from the head?
Ventroposteromedial (VPM)
50
Which structure of the thalamus is involved in the communication with primary visual cortex?
Lateral geniculate body
51
What is the function of the lateral geniculate body
Communication with primary visual cortex
52
Which structure of the thalamus is involved in the communication with auditory cortex?
Medial geniculate body
53
What is the function of the medial geniculate body
Communication with the auditory cortex
54
Which nuclei are involved in connections with the motor cortex? (Which nuclei receive the motor feedback from the basal ganglia and cerebellum)
Ventroanterior & Ventrolateral nuclei
55
Where do ventroanterior and ventrolateral nuclei receive their input from + what type of input
Motor feedback; from basal ganglia and cerebellum
56
Which thalamic nuclei is involved in memory/instinctive behaviour with connection to the limbic system?
Anterior
57
Which thalamic nuclei is involved in emotional/subjective responses, connecting prefrontal, hypothalamus and other thalamus nuclei?
Dorsomedial
58
Which thalamic nuclei is involved in pain/arousal, receiving from the reticular system and pain pathways?
Intralaminar nucleus
59
Where does crossing over of the corticospinal tract take place?
Lower medulla
60
Name 4 descending tracts
1. Corticospinal tract
2. Tectospinal tract
3. Reticulospinal tract
4. Vestibulospinal tract
61
Where does the following tracts descend from?
1. Reticulospinal
2. Tectospinal
3. Corticospinal
4. Vestibulospinal
1. Reticulospinal - from pons
2. Tectospinal - from midbrain
3. Corticospinal - from cerebral cortex
4. Vestibulospinal - from medulla
62
Which areas of the motor cortex can the corticospinal tract be found in?
Primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area
63
Which descending tract is found in the primary motor cortex?
Corticospinal tract
64
Which descending tract is found in the premotor cortex?
Reticulospinal tract
65
Name the components of the basal ganglia (x5)
1. Putamen
2. Globus pallidus
3. Caudate nucleus
4. Subthalamic nucleus
5. Substantia nigra
66
Which structure forms the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle?
Caudate nucleus
67
Is the putamen medial/distal to the globus pallidus
Distal
68
What does the putamen and the globus pallidus form?
Lenticular nucleus
69
From where does the putamen receive its input from?
Motor cortex
70
What does disorders of the basal ganglia result in?
Uncontrolled changes in muscle tones and involuntary movements
71
How can Parkinsons' disease be identified?
Loss of substantia nigra which releases dopamine
72
Name the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
1. Anterior
2. Flocculonodular
3. Posterior
73
What divides the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?
Primary fissure
74
Name the nerves that carry somatic motor fibres (x4) and state what each supplies
CN III - extraocular muscles of the eye except (LR & SO)
CN IV - Superior Oblique muscle of the eye
CN VI - Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye
CN XII - Muscles of the tongue
75
Name the nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres (x4) and state its nucleus
CN III - Edinger-Westphal nucleus
CN VII - Superior salivatory nucleus
CN IX - Inferior salivatory nucleus
CN X - Dorsal nucleus of Vagus
76
What does the Edinger-Westphal nucleus supply?
Pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle
77
What does the Superior salivatory nucleus supply?
Submandibular/Sublingual/Pterygopalatine glands
78
What does the inferior salivatory nucleus supply?
Parotid gland
79
What does the dorsal nucleus of vagus supply?
Glands and smooth muscle of viscera- heart, airways, lungs and GI tract
80
Name the cranial nerves with branchiomotor fibres (x5)
CN V, VII, IX, X, XI
81
Name the 3 main trigeminal nerve nuclei
1. Mesencephalic nucleus
2. Principal nucleus
3. Trigeminal Spinal nucleus
82
Function of the principal nucleus
Discriminative touch and vibration
83
Function of the mesencephalic nucleus
Receives proprioceptive info/jaw jerk reflex
84
Which cranial nerves give input to the nucleus of tractus solitarius?
CN VII, IX, X
85
Which cranial nerves give input to the commissural nucleus?
CN IX, X
86
Features of frontal lobe damage (x5)
- Personality changes
- Deficits in planning
- Perseveration
- Primitive reflexes
- Abulia (slowing of intellect)
87
Where is the primary auditory area found?
Temporal lobe
88
Where is the cerebellum found?
Posterior cranial fossa, beneath the tentorium cerebelli
89
Where does each cerebellar peduncle come from?
- inferior
- middle
- superior
- inferior ascends from medulla
- middle enters from pons
- superior pass from cerebellum to midbrain
90
What do lesions to the inferior olivary nucleus result in?
Decreased ability to perfect highly specialised motor tasks
91
Give 3 functions of the cerebellum
1. Regulates the quality of movement
2. Plans and coordinates fine, skilled movement by storing learned motor programmes
3. Integrates balance information and co-ordinates muscle activation - responsible for equilibration
92
Where does the facial motor nucleus lie?
Pons
93
Where do the parasympathetic neurons of the facial nerve lie in?
Superior salivatory nucleus
94
What does the efferent and afferent branch of CN VII carry?
Efferent carries branchiomotor + parasympathetic fibres; Afferent carries sensory (taste fxns)
95
What does lesion in each result in:
- Lower motor neurone
- Upper motor neurone
Lesion in lower motor neurone results in upper and lower face weakness on the ipsilateral side;
Lesion in upper motor neurone results in lower face weakness on the contralateral side
96
From where do branchiomotor fibres of CN IX and CN X arise?
Nucleus ambiguus
97
Source of parasympathetic fibres in CN IX to otic ganglion
Inferior salivatory nucleus
98
What does the inferior salivatory nucleus give?
It is the source of parasympathetic fibres for CN IX to the otic ganglion
99
What is CN X's parasympathetic nucleus?
Dorsal motor nucleus
100
Name the 3 bones present in the ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
101
Components of the external ear (x2)
external auditory meatus
| tympanic membrane
102
Components of the middle ear (x2)
oval window
| round window
103
Components of the inner ear (x7)
```
semicircular ducts
utricle
saccule
helicotrema
scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media (cochlear duct)
```
104
What is the point of connection between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli?
Helicotrema
105
Auditory pathway
(ECOLI MT)
- CN VIII
- Cochlear nucleus (dorsal and ventral cochlea)
- Superior Olivary nucleus
- Lateral lemniscus
- Inferior colliculus
- Medial geniculate body of thalamus
- Superior Temporal gyrus
106
Function of inferior olivary nuclei
Involved with the cerebellar motor-learning and function
107
Function of superior olivary nuclei
Part of the auditory system, receives sound information and localizes it
108
Where did the lesion occur if patient loses hearing bilaterally?
Higher levels (i.e. brainstem / thalamus / cortex)
109
Name the 3 semicircular ducts and 2 associated sacs
Anterior, Posterior, Lateral
| Utricle, Saccule
110
What is macula? + function
Sensory plaque found in saccule and utricle that detects linear acceleration/head position
111
What is the centre of macula lutea known as?
Fovea centralis
112
What is the fovea centralis characterised by? (x5)
- Lack of blood vessels
- Absence of bipolar cells
- Absence of rods; High concentration of cones
- Absence of ganglion cells
All of these features contribute to the acuity of central colour vision
113
What's absent in the optic disk?
Receptors (i.e. rods and cones)
114
Where is the posterior chamber found?
Between the lens and iris
115
Which structure is found between the lens and iris?
Posterior chamber
116
Where is the anterior chamber found?
Between the cornea and lens
117
Where is aqueous humour produced?
Ciliary body
118
Which part of the ventricular system is closest to the optic radiations?
Lateral ventricle
119
Which thalamic structure is involved in the visual pathway?
Lateral geniculate body
120
What does a lesion in the center of the optic chiasm result in?
Bitemporal hemianopia
121
What does a lesion in the right optic nerve lead to?
Monocular blindness in the right eye
122
What does a lesion in the right optic tract lead to?
Homonymous hemianopia (each eye can't see its left side)
123
What does a lesion in the right Meyer's loop result in?
Upper quandrantanopia (Loss of left upper visual)
124
What is myopia?
Short sightedness; Able to focus on near objects but unable to focus on distant objects
- Eyeball is relatively too long
- treatment: Concave lens to diverge light
125
What is hyperopia?
Long sightedness; Unable to focus on near objects but able to focus on distant objects
- Eyeball is relatively too short
- Treatment: Convex lens to converge light
126
What is presbyopia?
Gradual loss of accommodation as the lens are less elastic and ciliary muscles get weaker
Treatment: Convex lens to converge light
127
What is the difference between the optic nerve and optic tract?
One has only ipsilateral vision while the other has both ipsilateral and contralateral vision
128
Which sulcus is the primary visual cortex found (concentrated) on?
Calcarine sulcus
129
What are enlargements of the subarachnoid space called? What do they contain?
Cistern; CSF flows through them
130
What is the pathway used to transmit information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum?
Cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract
131
Briefly describe the cortico-ponto-cerebellar tract
1. Corticopontine fibres carry information from the primary motor cortex to the ipsilateral pontine nucleus in the ventral pons
2. The pontocerebellar projection then carries that information to the contralateral cerebellum via the middle cerebellar peduncle
132
Where do vestibular inputs go?
Into the flocculonodular lobe
133
Name the 3 nuclei involved in vestibular output
1. Fastigial nuclei
2. Dentate nuclei
3. Vestibular nuclei
134
Does the cerebellum control functions on the ipsilateral / contralateral side?
Ipsilateral
135
How does cerebellum control functions on the ipsilateral side?
Neurons travel from the dentate nucleus and synapse in the contralateral thalamus, travelling to the contralateral cerebral cortex. The corticospinal tract is activated, in which neurons travel down and crosses in the medulla before entering the spinal cord, resulting in the control of the ipsilateral side as the cerebellum.
136
Symptoms of disease of cerebellum (x4)
1. Symptoms are ipsilateral
2. Disturbed balance - staggering gait (alcohol acts on cerebellum)
3. modified muscle tone (hypotonia)
4. poor coordination of movement
137
Function of the flocculonodular lobe
Helps maintain balance
