PG 15-23 Vocab

Question 1

Connects muscle to bone via bone periosteum. Bridges muscle and bone together in order to produce movement

Answer 1

Tendon

Question 2

Forms fasciculi. Can consist of up to 150 individual strands covered by connective tissue (perimysium). 3 kinds of these. Type I type IIa Type IIx.

Answer 2

Muscle fibers

Question 3

Slow, oxidative muscle fibers “slow twitch” fatigue resistant. Produce low levels of force

Answer 3

Type I muscle fiber

Question 4

Fast oxidative and glycolytic fibers. “Fast twitch” produce medium amount of force. Highly fatigue resistant

Answer 4

Type IIa muscle fibers

Question 5

Glycolytic fibers. “Fast twitch” produce large amounts of force. Rapidly fatigued

Answer 5

Type IIx muscle fibers

Question 6

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber. Glycogen, fat, enzymes, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum found here

Answer 6

Sarcoplasm

Question 7

Internal structure of the muscle fiber. Contain long proteins responsible for muscle fiber contraction (actin, titin, and myosin)

Answer 7

Myofibrils

Question 8

Long thin chains of protein that comprise the myofibril. Smooth muscle, obliquely striated muscle and striated muscle (contains actin and myosin).

Answer 8

Myofilament

Question 9

Basic unit of muscle fibers. Where actin, titin and myosin are found. Area occurring between the two Z lines. Location where all muscular contraction takes place. Can be divided 4 segments (A band, H zone, I band, Z line)

Answer 9

Sarcomere

Question 10

Both actin and myosin filaments are located.

Answer 10

A band

Question 11

Part of the A band, located in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments occur (thick filaments)

Answer 11

H zone

Question 12

Area that only consists of thin filaments (actin). Made of two sarcomeres

Answer 12

I band

Question 13

Occurs in the middle of the I band. Appears as a line running lengthwise throughout.

Answer 13

Z line

Question 14

System of tubules surrounding each myofibril. Responsible for pumping calcium ions into the muscle to generate contraction. Also the site of calcium storage

Answer 14

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Site of ATP hydrolysis. Thicker myofilament, responsible for cross linking to actin filaments to produce the shortening of the sarcomere, resulting in muscular contraction.

Answer 15

Myosin

Question 16

Thin filament. Serves as the binding site for myosin, with the hydrolysis of ATP, generates a power stroke where _____ will slide over the myosin fiber.

Answer 16

Actin

Question 17

______ fiber binds with ______ fiber. After binding ______ fiber then slides over _______ fiber.

Answer 17

Actin, Myosin.

Question 18

Actin sliding over myosin that causes a muscle to generate tension and movement

Answer 18

Sliding filament theory

Question 19

Either there is a stimulus and a response or there is nothing

Answer 19

All or none principle

Question 20

Central communication point of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems that leads to muscular contraction. Translation point where electrical signal is converted into a bio mechanical reaction and then into movement

Answer 20

Neuromuscular junction

Question 21

Located in CNS. Responsible for transmitting signals from the spinal cord to the muscles in order to produce muscular contraction. Site of the release of an action potential into the neuromuscular junction

Answer 21

Motor neuron

Question 22

Electrical impulse that is triggered by the rapid depolarization of the cell membrane of a neuron. Sets in motion the release of calcium ions into the sarcomere and ends with muscular contraction

Answer 22

Action potential

Question 23

During muscular contraction, a chemical cascade takes place that causes a conformational change in ______ that allows the myosin filament to bind with the actin filament. In a relaxed state, the head of the ______ wraps helically around the trope in on the actin filament, preventing the formation of the myosin cross bridge

Answer 23

Tropomyosin

Question 24

Responsible for initiating the movement of tropomyosin from the binding site after Ca+ has initiated a conformational change.

Answer 24

Troponin

Question 25

Primary neurotransmitter involved in muscular contraction.

Answer 25

Acetylcholine

Question 26

Once an action potential is released from the nerve terminal, _____ is released from the nerve terminal and diffuses across the neuromuscular junction, causing excitation of the sarcolemma

Answer 26

Acetylcholine

Question 27

Responsible for inhibiting tension overload in muscles and tendons when placed under stretch. Very rapid and prevents excessive loading injuries.

Answer 27

Golgi tendon organ GTO

Question 28

Responsible for the “fight or flight” response in humans. Releases adrenaline and norepinephrine which causes increased rate of respiration, elevated the heart rate, raises mental focus, and increases body temperature

Answer 28

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 29

Responsible for relaxation periods of decreased activity which governs various passive activities such as digestion

Answer 29

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 30

Performs a protective action, working to decelerate force acting on the body. Hamstrings during the squat

Answer 30

Antagonist muscle action

Question 31

Primarily responsible for generating the force to produce movement. In sprinting the primary muscles the propel the body forward are the hip flexors, quads, glutes, and hamstrings

Answer 31

Agonist muscle action

Question 32

Either stabilizes the agonist as force is produced or indirectly assists in force production

Answer 32

Synergistic muscles

Question 33

Allows for force to be produced about a fixed point, or pivot, and will increase the amount of force that produced through this arrangement. 3 different classes.

Answer 33

Lever

Question 34

Muscle and resistive force apply on opposite sides of the fulcrum

Answer 34

1st class lever

Question 35

Muscular and resistive forces occur on the same side of the fulcrum

Answer 35

2nd class lever

Question 36

Muscular and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum through a distance shorter than the distance through which the resistive force is acting

Answer 36

3rd class lever

Question 37

Point of rotation for a lever.

Answer 37

Fulcrum

Question 38

True or false The fulcrum position determines the mechanical advantage

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The distance from the muscles line of action to the joints center of rotation and is oriented in the direction of the force being produced

Answer 39

Moment arm