pgs. 184-193

Question 1

Internal Bones of the Cranium

Answer 1

Sphenoid and Ethmoid Bones

Question 2

Sphenoid Bone

Answer 2

Forms the bottom of the cranium, housing the pituitary fossa for the pituitary gland. Resembling a bat, it also contains the sphenoidal sinus in most animals.

Question 3

Ethmoid Bone

Answer 3

Located in front of the sphenoid, it has the cribriform plate for olfactory nerve branches and an ethmoidal sinus in humans and horses.

Question 4

Ear Bones (Ossicles)

Answer 4

Malleus, Incus, Stapes: These small bones transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea, where they are converted into nerve impulses for the brain to interpret as sound.

Question 5

External Bones of the Face

Answer 5

Incisive, nasal, maxillary, lacrimal, zygomatic, mandible

Question 6

Incisive Bones

Answer 6

Hold upper incisor teeth, absent in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats).

Question 7

Nasal Bones

Answer 7

Form the bridge of the nose, shape varies with breed/species (e.g., long and thin in horses, triangular in short-faced breeds like Pekingese).

Question 8

Maxillary Bones

Answer 8

Form the upper jaw, house upper canine and cheek teeth, and form the hard palate along with the palatine bones.

Question 9

Lacrimal Bones

Answer 9

Small bones part of the eye orbit, housing the lacrimal sac for tear drainage.

Question 10

Zygomatic Bones

Answer 10

Form the cheekbones and contribute to the zygomatic arch with temporal bones. Easily palpable under the eyes.

Question 11

Mandible

Answer 11

The lower jaw, the only movable skull bone, houses lower teeth. In some animals, it has two separate bones fused by cartilage (e.g., dogs, cats, cattle). Its ramus supports jaw muscles.

Question 12

Internal Bones of the Face

Answer 12

Palatine, pterygoid, vomer, turbinates (nasal conchae)

Question 13

Palatine Bones

Answer 13

Form the back portion of the hard palate, separating the mouth from the nasal cavity.

Question 14

Pterygoid Bones

Answer 14

Support the pharynx (throat) walls.

Question 15

Vomer Bone

Answer 15

Forms part of the nasal septum.

Question 16

Turbinates (Nasal Conchae)

Answer 16

Scroll-like bones inside the nasal cavity that condition air by warming, humidifying, and filtering.

Question 17

Hyoid Bone

Answer 17

Supports the base of the tongue, pharynx, and larynx, aiding in swallowing. It consists of several parts connected by cartilage and attaches to the temporal bone.

Question 18

Spinal Column

Answer 18

Made up of vertebrae, divided into cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (abdomen), sacral (pelvis), and coccygeal (tail) regions. Each region is numbered for identification (e.g., C5 for the 5th cervical vertebra).

Question 19

Vertebrae Structure

Answer 19

Composed of a body, arch (forms the spinal canal), and processes (spinous, transverse, and articular). Vertebrae form joints for flexibility.

Question 20

Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 20

All mammals have seven cervical vertebrae. The first (C1) is the atlas, holding up the head. The second (C2) is the axis, allowing head rotation.

Question 21

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 21

Located in the chest region, often matching the number of rib pairs. They have tall spinous processes and lateral facets for rib articulation.

Question 22

Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 22

Large and bulky, supporting abdominal organs without rib assistance.

Question 23

Sacral Vertebrae

Answer 23

Fused into a single structure (sacrum), forming joints with the pelvis.

Question 24

Coccygeal Vertebrae

Answer 24

Form the tail. In humans, they fuse into a single bone called the coccyx.

Question 25

Ribs

Answer 25

Flat bones forming the thoracic wall, with dorsal joints to thoracic vertebrae. Their cartilaginous ends attach to the sternum or adjacent ribs, with some ending in muscle (floating ribs).

Question 26

Sternum

Answer 26

The breastbone, formed of sternebrae. The first is the manubrium, and the last is the xiphoid process, which extends with cartilage.

Question 27

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 27

Composed of the limbs, with the thoracic limb (front) and pelvic limb (hind).

Question 28

Thoracic Limb

Answer 28

Lacks direct bony connection to the axial skeleton, supported by muscles and tendons. The scapula is the main proximal bone.

Question 29

Scapula

Answer 29

A flat triangular bone forming part of the shoulder joint, with a prominent ridge (spine) and glenoid cavity for the humerus.

Question 30

Humerus

Answer 30

The upper arm bone. Its head forms part of the shoulder joint. Its distal end forms the elbow joint, with landmarks like the medial and lateral epicondyles. The "funny bone" is the ulnar nerve, not a bone.