PH 173 2nd LE Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
● Unicellular organism
● lowest form of animal life
A
PROTOZOANS
2
Q
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina
Class Lobosea
A
AMOEBA
3
Q
Most important feature of AMOEBA (often referred to as false feet)
A
pseudopods
4
Q
Two morphologic forms of pseudopods:
A
Trophozoites - Motile, reproducing, feeding stage
Cyst - Nonmotile, nonfeeding stage, stage infective for man
5
Q
Genus of AMOEBA where Peripheral chromatin and chromatoid bodies are present?
A
Entamoeba
6
Q
Genus of AMOEBA where Peripheral chromatin and chromatoid bodies are NOT present?
A
Endolimax or Iodomoeba
7
Q
_____ is the morphologic conversion from the cyst form into the trophozoite form, occurs in the _____ area of the intestine
A
Excystation, ileocecal
8
Q
Does Replication in AMOEBA only occur in the trophozoite form?
A
True
9
Q
_____ is the morphologic conversion from trophozoites to cysts, occurs in the _______ when the environment becomes unacceptable for continued trophozoite multiplication
A
Encystation, intestine
10
Q
Types of trophozoite form
A
Soft, liquid, or loose stool
11
Q
SPECIES OF AMOEBA
A
E. histolityca
E. hartmanni
E. coli
E. polecki
E. nana
E. butschlii
12
Q
Entamoeba histolytica
Trophozoite size
A
10-60 μm
15-20 μm commensal form
Over 20 μm invasive form
13
Q
Motility of Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoite
A
Progressive with hyaline, finger-like pseudopods
14
Q
A
15
Q
Organ of Locomotion of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli
A
pseudopodia
16
Q
Habitat of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli
A
large intestine
17
Q
Modes of transmission of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli
A
Ingestion of fecally-contaminated water, food, or from contaminated surfaces or fingers
18
Q
Infective Stage of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli
A
Mature cyst
19
Q
Diagnostic Stage of Entamoeba histolytica,
E. dispar,
E. coli
A
Cyst and trophozoite
20
Q
Diagnostic Specimen of Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar, E. coli
A
Stool
21
Q
Intestinal amebiasis, amebic colitis,
amebic dysentery, extraintestinal amebiasis
are caused by?
A
Entamoeba histolytica
and
Entamoeba coli
22
Q
Treatments for
Asymptomatic
Entamoeba histolytica
A
P
D
M
Paromycin
Diloxanide furoate Metronidazole
23
Q
Treatments for
Intestinal amebiasis by
Entamoeba histolytica
A
I
P
D
Iodoquinol
Paromomycin
Diloxanide furoate
24
Q
Treatments for
Extraintestinal amebiasis caused by
Entamoeba histolytica
A
M
I
Metronidazole
Inidazole
+ symptomatic intestinal amebiasis treatment
25
Treatments for Human amebiasis (asymptomatic and noninvasive) caused by
Entamoeba dispar
Metronidazole
26
Treatments for Entamoeba coli
None
E. coli is considered a nonpathogen.
27
Prevention and Control for
E. histolytica
E. dispar
E. coli
Treating or boiling contaminated water with iodine crystals.
Water treatment including filtration and chemical treatment
Properly washing food products
Avoiding the use of human feces as fertilizer
Good personal hygiene and sanitation practices
Protection of food from flies and cockroaches
Avoidance of unprotected sexual practices
28
sole member of the class BLASTOCYSTEA
considered as a yeast
Blastocystis hominis
29
Size of Blastocystis hominis
5-30 μm Usual range,
8-10 μm
30
Shape of Blastocystis hominis
Spherical, oval
31
Is Blastocystis hominis motile or nonmotile?
nonmotile
32
Number of Nuclei of Blastocystis hominis and where is it located?
1, usually,
but 2-4 may be present.
Located in “rim” of cytoplasm.
In binucleated organisms, the 2 nuclei may be at opposite poles.
In quadrinucleated forms, the 4 nuclei are evenly spaced around periphery of cell.
33
the of Cell of __________ contains large central body, or “vacuole” with a thin band, or “rim” of cytoplasm around the periphery. Occasionally a ring of granules may be seen in cytoplasm and the cell appears to have a “beaded rim.”
Blastocystis hominis
34
CILIATES Move by means of hairlike cytoplasmic extensions called ___
cilia
35
One human pathogen of CILIATES is ____
Balantidium coli
36
Balantidium coli is One human pathogen of that belongs to _____
CILIATES
37
Organ of Locomotion of Balantidium coli
cilia
38
Habitat of Balantidium coli
large intestine
39
Mode(s) of Transmission of Balantidium coli
Ingestion of fecally-contaminated water, food, or from contaminated surfaces or fingers
40
Infective Stage of Balantidium coli
Thick-walled cyst
41
Diagnostic Stage of Balantidium coli
Cyst and trophozoite
42
Diagnostic Specimen of Balantidium coli
Stool
43
Disease caused by Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis
44
Balantidiasis is caused by
Balantidium coli
45
Treatment for Balantidiasis includes:
O
I
M
Oxytetracycline
Iodoquinol
metronidazole
46
Prevention and Control for Balantidium coli:
Personal hygiene and proper sanitary conditions
Understanding the source
of infection
proper precautions should be exercised when handling and dealing with pigs and their feces
47
Subphylum Mastigophora belongs to _____
FLAGELLATES
48
Subphylum Mastigophora
Can be categorized into two groups:
Intestinal
Atrial
49
Movement of the flagellates is accomplished by the presence of whiplike structures known as _____ in their _____ form
flagella, trophozoite form
50
Flagellates have finlike structure connected to the outer edge called ____
Undulating membrane
51
______ is a rodlike support found in some flagellates
Axostyle
52
Giardia lamblia
and Trichomonas vaginalis
are scientific names of ____
FLAGELLATES
53
Organ of locomotion of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis
flagella
54
Habitat of Giardia lamblia
small intestine
55
Habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis
Male: genital tract, prostate and seminal vesicle
Female: vagina, cervix, urinary bladder
56
Mode(s) of Transmission Giardia lamblia
Ingestion of fecally-contaminated water, food, or from contaminated surfaces from animals or people
57
Mode(s) of Trichomonas vaginalis
Unprotected sex with a partner with trich
58
Infective Stage of Giardia lamblia
Mature cyst
59
No. of Nucleus of Trophozoite of E. Histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. coli, E. nana, and Iodamoeba butschlii
1
60
Diagnostic Stage of Giardia lamblia
Cyst and trophozoite
61
Diagnostic Stage of Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite only
62
No. of Nucleus of Cyst of E. Histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. nana, and Iodamoeba butschlii
4
63
Diagnostic Specimen of Giardia lamblia
Stool
64
No. of Nucleus of Cyst in E. coli
8
65
Has fine granules and is usually evenly distributed and uniform in size
Trophozoites of E. histolytica, & E. hartmanni
66
Diagnostic Specimen of Trichomonas vaginalis
-Spun urine
-vaginal discharges
-prostatic discretions
67
Disease caused by Giardia lamblia
- Giardiasis
- traveler’s diarrhea
68
Disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
- Persistent urethritis
- persistent vaginitis
- infant Trichomonas
-vaginalis infection
69
Treatment for
- Giardiasis
- traveler’s diarrhea
caused by Giardia lamblia:
M
T
N
Metronidazole
Tinidazole
Nitazoxanide
70
Treatment for
- Persistent urethritis
- persistent vaginitis
- infant Trichomonas
-vaginalis infection
caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
Metronidazole
71
Prevention and Control for Giardia lamblia
-Similar to E. histolytica
-Proper water treatment, including chemical therapy and filtration
-Guarding water supplies against contamination by potential reservoir hosts
Exercising good personal hygiene
-Proper cleaning and cooking of food
- Avoidance of unprotected oral-anal sex
72
Prevention and Control for Trichomonas vaginalis
- Avoidance of unprotected sex
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic men
- Avoidance of sharing of douche equipment and communal bathing, close contact with potentially infective underclothing, toilet articles, and wet sponges
73
Which amoeba do not have a cyst stage in their life cycle?
Entamoeba gingivalis
74
Causes flask-shaped ulcers with undermined edges in the intestine
Entamoeba histolytica
75
Causes circular ulcers with a necrotic center and raised edges in the intestine.
Balantidium coli
76
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Naegleria fowleri
Are these AMOEBA pathogenic or not?
Pathogenic
77
Pathogenic ciliate
Balantidium coli
78
Amoebic infections are typically transmitted through ____
ingestion of contaminated food or water fecally contaminated containing with cysts.
79
Amoebic infection Diagnosis is usually made by identifying _____ in stool samples using microscopy. Serological tests can also be used for diagnosis.
cysts or trophozoites
80
Among the oro-intestinal flagellates, which of them are more clinically important than others due to their ability to cause gastrointestinal symptoms.
Giardia lamblia
and
Dientamoeba fragilis
81
What is the typical diagnostic movement of Giardia lamblia trophozoite?
"falling leaf" or "tumbling" motility, characterized by rapid rotation and tumbling movements.
82
Identify sources of specimens for:
1. Giardia lamblia
2. Trichomonas vaginalis
3. Trichomonas tenax
1. Stool specimen
2. Genitourinary specimen (e.g., vaginal swab).
3. Oral cavity specimen (e.g., mouthwash or oral swab).
83
Which species have only the trophozoite stage in their life cycle?
Trichomonas vaginalis
and
Trichomonas tenax.
84
How do you differentiate among trophozoites of oro-intestinal flagellates?
based on their size, shape, motility, and presence of specific structures (e.g., flagella, axostyle).
85
______is caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica,
while _____ is typically caused by bacteria such as Shigella species.
Amoebic dysentery
bacillary dysentery
86
in _____, the diarrhea is often less frequent but more severe, with the presence of "anchovy paste" or "currant jelly" stools.
amoebic dysentery
87
_______ is a pathogenic amoeba that can cause a rare but severe brain infection called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM).
Naegleria fowleri
88
________ can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, a serious eye infection that can lead to vision loss. They are also opportunistic pathogens that can cause serious infections in immunocompromised individuals
Acanthamoeba species
89
Explain how intestinal amoebiasis has an asymptomatic carrier.
These carriers harbor the parasite in their intestines without showing any symptoms of infection.
Asymptomatic carriers shed E. histolytica cysts in their feces, contaminating the environment and potentially transmitting the infection to others.
90
Its peripheral chromatin is present. Finae, uniform granules and evenly distributed
E. histolytica, & E. hartmanni
91
The Coarse granules of its peripheral chromatin are irregular in size and distribution but more uniform when compared to its trophozoites
E. coli cyst
92
Parasites which are both trophozoites and cyst-stage have no peripheral chromatin
E. nana, & Iodamoeba butschlii
93
The trophozoites of these parasites are small, discrete, and usually centrally located and eccentric
E. histolytica, E. hartmanni
94
Entamoeba coli trophozoite and cyst (centrally located) has __________, discrete, usually eccentric karyosomal chromatin
Large
95
Iodamoeba butschlii has large usually central karyosomal chromatin. Sourrounded by ____________________________
Refractile achromatic granules
96
It has a large irregularly shaped blot-like karyosomal chromatin
E. nana trophozoites and cyst stage
97
They are both closely similar in terms of the appearance of their nucleus, which appears to be finely granular
E. histolytica, and E. hartmanni trophozoites
98
The chromatoid bodies of E. histolytica, and E hartmanni cysts are both ________ bars, with ___________ rounded ends
elongated, & bluntly
99
The trophozoites cytoplasm of this parasite is coarse and often vacuolated
E. coli
100
Endolimax nana trophozoite has ________ and vacuolated cytoplasm
Granular
101
It does have granules but has no chromatoid bodies in its cytoplasm
Iodamoeba butschlii cyst
102
Entamoeba coli cyst cytoplasm has chromatoid bodies with _______ with __________ ends
splinter like, and pointed
103
There are RBC's in its cytoplasm which are noninvasive but may contain bacteria
E. histolytica trophozoites
104
The glycogen present in its cytoplasm usually diffuses and has a concentrated mass in its young cyst
E. histolytica, E. hartmanni, E. coli, and E. nana cysts
105
Cytoplasm inclusions include the presence of bacteria
E. hartmanni and E. nana trophozoites
106
Cytoplasm inclusions include the presence of bacteria, yeast, and other materials
E. coli and I. butschlii trophozoites
107
Iodamoeba bütschlii has a _______ and ____________ mass of glycogen in its cytoplasm
Compact, Well-defined
108
The motility of this parasite is progressive with hyaline, finger-like pseudopods
Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite
109
They are similar in shape in terms of their cyst stage (spherical)
E. histolytica, and E. hartmanni
110
The shape of this parasite is usually spherical, sometimes oval, triangular, and other shapes
Entamoeba coli, and I. butschlii
111
Entamoeba coli has ___________, nonprogressive with blunt ______________
Sluggish, Pseudopods
112
It has a sluggish and usually nonprogressive motility
Iodomoeba butschlii trophozoite
113
It has a spherical, ovoidal, or ellipsoidal shape
Endolimax nana
114
Entamoeba histolytica size in terms of its cyst length is _______________
10-60 μm
115
Entamoeba histolytica size in terms of its trophozoites length is ______________
10-20 μm
116
Entamoeba hartmanni trophozoites size in terms of its length is ____________
5-12 μm
117
Entamoeba hartmanni and Endolimax nana cyst size in terms of their length is ______________
5-10 μm
118
This parasite has a 5-20 μm length in terms of its cyst stage
Iodamoeba bütschlii
119
Iodamoeba bütschlii has a __________ length
8-20 μm
120
The trophozoite form of E. nana has a ___________ in length
6-12 μm
121
15- 50 μm is the average length of this parasite
E. coli trophozoite
122
