Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PHAR > PHAR9 - Obesity > Flashcards

PHAR9 - Obesity Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define adipokine.

A

Signalling proteins secreted by adipose tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define amphipathic.

A

Molecules with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define anorexigenic.

A

Agents that suppress appetite .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define body mass index.

A

Measurement of weight relative to height squared. Used as an indicator of underweight, overweight and obese.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give a brief overview of ghrelin.

A

Hormone released by stomach and small intestine. Stimulates hunger.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A

Increase in cell number. Increases amount of organic tissue or enlarges the parent tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define hyper trophy.

A

Increase in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define ionophores.

A

Molecules that bind to ions in reversible manners.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give brief overview of leptin.

A

Adipokine released by adipose tissue to influence energy balance and satiety/hunger. Long term effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define orexigenic.

A

Agent that stimulates appetite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define proton motive force.

A

Energy used to create chemiosmotic gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing for ATP synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define thermogenesis.

A

Production of heat energy by biological processes e.g. exercise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define satiation.

A

Feeling full during a meal, reducing the impulse to eat more.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define satiety.

A

Feeling of being full which occurs following a meal - prevents further food consumption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define a suicide inhibitor.

A

Drugs that undergo covalent binding to a target to inactive both the drug and the target. Commonly referred to as mechanism based inhibitors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What other conditions does obesity increase the risk of? Give three examples.

A

CVD, diabetes and cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excess adipose tissue and body mass, relative to height.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main cause of obesity?

A

Imbalance between calorific intake and caloric expenditure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Mass in kg divided by height in metres squared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the various ranges of BMI indicate?

A

< 18.5 - underweight
18.5-25 - normal weight
25-30 - overweight
>30 - obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is BMI useful?

A

Easy to calculate and gives relatively good indication of an individuals health (based on height and weight solely).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why can BMI be considered inaccurate? Give example.

A

Does not take into account differences within individuals e.g. body fat distributions, fat percentages, fat to muscle proportions. Individuals may have differing components.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give other examples of easy obtainable alternatives to BMI.

A

Waist hip ratio.
Waist circumference.
Skin fold thickness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give an example of a difficult to obtain measurement, for evaluating healthy weight.

A

Body fat percentage - requires specific machinery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the two locations of adipose tissue in the body? Describe each.
Visceral fat - stored in central locations e.g. around organs. Peripheral fat - stores in superficial locations around the outside of the body.
26
Define comorbidity.
Comorbidity refers to the having multiple conditions alongside the initial condition.
27
Give three types of body shape, with description for each.
Ectomorph- long and thin. Endomorph - pear shape, larger body fat amount. Mesomorph - muscular and well built.
28
What are the three main methods of body weight regulation?
Fat storage and energy balance. Adipose tissue and adipokines. Integration of gut brain axis.
29
What tissue is fat stored in and how is it stored?
Stored in adipose tissue. Stored as triglycerides and cholesterol esters.
30
Give two changes to adipocytes as a result of obesity.
Hypertrophy - increased size. | Hyperplasia - increased number via proliferation.
31
What cells constitute the adipose tissue?
Adipocytes. Fibroblasts. Immmune cells.
32
What are the main roles of adipokines?
Regulation of energy balance and eating behaviours.
33
Name two key adipokines.
Leptin and ghrelin.
34
Give the effect of leptin within mice.
Leptin deficiency causes obesity in mice. Treatment with leptin in these mice allows the suppression of weight gain.
35
Give the effect of leptin in humans.
Leptin defectiveness or deficiency causes obesity in humans. Recombinant leptin administration allows for substantial weight loss.
36
What is the relationship between leptin and adipose tissue?
Increased adipose tissue is associated increased leptin release.
37
Does the release of leptin from adipose tissue have a shift term or long term effect?
Long term effect - amount of adipose tissue varies on a larger scale.
38
Discuss the main effects of grehlin.
Released by the stomach to promote hunger and eating behaviours. Exhibits a short term effect with oscillatory release patterns.
39
Briefly discuss the role of the gut brain axis.
Acts as a pathway for communication between the gut and the brain, which communicate via various hormones and signalling proteins.
40
What is the role of the hypothalamus in energy regulation?
Integrates various signals relating information on hunger and satiety, coordinating the specific response required.
41
What are the two neuronal sets within the arcuate nucleus?
POMC/CART - proopiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript. Anorexigenic - suppress appetite. NPY/AgRP - neuropeptides Y and agouti related peptide. Orexigenic - promote appetite.
42
What are give potential ways in which obesity can be target, relative to both pharmacological and lifestyle strategies?
Reduction in overall calorific intake - diet. Reduction of calorific intake from specific foods - sequestering uptakes of specific nutrients. Create natural calorific deficit - modifying physical activity. Create artificial calorific deficit - uncoupling of calorific intake and ATP production. Reduction in food consumption - hunger is suppressed.
43
What drug is used to create an artificial calorific diet?
2,4-dinitrophenol. (DNP)
44
Give brief overview of how DNP works.
DNP behaves as an ionophores. Uncoupled OXPHOS from ATP production. Protons become equilibrated across inner mitochondrial membrane. Lack of chemiosmotic gradient and proton motive force prevents ATP.
45
Give a side effect of DNP use.
Thermogenesis - uncoupling of OXPHOS causes heart production. Can lead to hyperthermia.
46
What factor of fat (being consumed via food) contributes to obesity?
It is an energy rich molecule. Energy is not used up therefore must be stored.
47
Give two reasons why fat is required as part of the diet.
Absorption of fat soluble vitamins e.g. A,D,E and K. | Provision of metabolic substrates for energy production. What
48
What is the role of bile acid. Give one example and how they are suitable for their role.
Bile acids form micelles with fat molecules, through emulsification. Example - cholic acid. Property - amphipathic so can bind to fat.
49
Why is emulsification by bile necessary?
Increases surface area for liaise enzymes to hydrolyse the lipids,
50
Where does triglyceride hydrolysis occur? What enzyme is required?
Within the intestinal lumen. Carried out by pancreatic liaise enzymes.
51
Discuss the chemistry of lipid hydrolysis.
Ester bond is cleaved. Products are glycerol and fatty acids.
52
What happens to the products of lipolysis within the intestinal lumen?
Glycerol and fatty acid products undergo passive diffusion across the plasma membrane into intestinal mucosal cells. Repackaged into triacylglycerols and form chylomicrons alongside apoproteins.
53
Where does fat become deposited in the body?
Stored as adipose tissue in various organs e.g. liver.
54
Discuss the mechanism of action of orlistat.
Orlistat inhibits lipase enzymes. Prevents triacylglycerol hydrolysis in intestinal lumen. TAGs are not absorbed (malabsorption of lipids). Eliminated from body via faeces.
55
Discuss the chemistry of how orlistat inhibits lipase enzymes.
Binds to define amino acid residues within active site of pancreatic and gastric lipase. Acts as a suicide inhibitor - irreversible binding.
56
Orlistat has a low bioavailability. Why is this not an issue in its use?
Does not need to be absorbed into the bloodstream to reach its target - acts on lipase enzymes within GI tract.
57
Give one potential target if orlistat undergoes absorption into the bloodstream.
Serine hydrolyse enzyme.
58
How do anorectic agents lead to weight loss?
Reduce food consumption.
59
What is the link between cannabinoids and appetite?
Some cannabinoids increase appetite - referred to as the munchies. Act on the CB1 receptor to increase appetite.
60
How can the CB1 receptor be used in the treatment of obesity?
Activation of the receptor increases appetite. Use of an antagonist or an inverse agonist can be used to suppress appetite.
61
Define an inverse agonist and what is required for its MOA?
Drug that binds to the target and opposes its effect. Requires a constitutive response.
62
Discuss the link between drug dosage and effect of inverse agonist.
Increasing drug dosage further decreases the response of the target.
63
Discuss the mechanism of action of rimonabant.
Inverse agonist of the CB1 receptor. Suppresses appetite which can be used for weight loss.
64
Discuss the side effects of rimonabant.
Depression - reduced adenylate cyclase activity meaning cellular depressant effect. In addition, causes depression generally.
65
Give example of another drug with a similar mechanism of action to rimonabant.
Taratabant.
66
What are common exogenous and endogenous agonists for cannabinoid receptors?
Exogenous - anandamide. | Endogenous - 9THC
67
What is epidiolex and discuss its effects?
It is a cannbidiol. Used for epilepsy associated seizure treatment e.g. Lennox gastaut syndrome and dragnet syndrome. Side effect - appetite suppression.

PHAR (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions