Pharm 1 Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
Describe the indications for sulfonamides.
A
Sulfonamides are indicated for urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, prophylaxis/treatment of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, and certain skin infections.
2
Q
Explain the mechanism of action of sulfonamides.
A
Sulfonamides are antimetabolite antibiotics that block folic acid synthesis.
3
Q
How are sulfonamides primarily administered?
A
Sulfonamides are primarily administered orally, although IV formulations are also available.
4
Q
Identify the contraindications for sulfonamides.
A
Contraindications for sulfonamides include known sulfa allergy, term pregnancy, and infants under 2 months.
5
Q
What interactions should be monitored when administering sulfonamides?
A
Sulfonamides potentiate warfarin, may increase hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas, and can reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives.
6
Q
List the adverse effects associated with sulfonamides.
A
Adverse effects of sulfonamides include delayed hypersensitivity reactions (such as rash and Stevens–Johnson syndrome), photosensitivity, and hematologic disturbances.
7
Q
What nursing considerations should be taken into account for patients on sulfonamides?
A
Nursing considerations include assessing for rash or allergic signs, ensuring full hydration, and verifying allergy history.
8
Q
Describe the patient teaching necessary for those prescribed sulfonamides.
A
Patients should be taught to complete the full course of medication, report any skin changes or fever, and avoid excessive sun exposure.
9
Q
What lab values should be monitored in patients taking sulfonamides?
A
Lab values to monitor include CBC and renal function (BUN, creatinine).
10
Q
Explain the indications for tetracyclines.
A
Tetracyclines are indicated for acne vulgaris, respiratory infections, and certain zoonotic infections such as Lyme disease.
11
Q
Define the class of tetracyclines.
A
Tetracyclines are bacteriostatic protein-synthesis inhibitors.
12
Q
How are tetracyclines administered?
A
Tetracyclines are administered orally in the form of capsules or tablets.
13
Q
Identify the contraindications for tetracyclines.
A
Contraindications for tetracyclines include children under 8 years due to tooth discoloration and pregnant women.
14
Q
What interactions should be avoided with tetracyclines?
A
Dairy products, calcium-rich foods, antacids, and iron supplements should be avoided as they markedly reduce absorption.
15
Q
List the common adverse effects of tetracyclines.
A
Common adverse effects include GI upset, photosensitivity, dental discoloration, and potential for esophageal irritation.
16
Q
What nursing considerations are important for tetracycline administration?
A
Nursing considerations include advising on the proper dosing schedule and avoiding dairy products within 1–2 hours of the dose.
17
Q
Describe the patient teaching for those prescribed tetracyclines.
A
Patients should be instructed on the importance of taking tetracyclines on an empty stomach if advised and using sunscreen.
18
Q
What lab values may need monitoring with prolonged use of tetracyclines?
A
Liver enzymes may be monitored with prolonged use of tetracyclines.
19
Q
Explain the indications for cephalosporins.
A
Cephalosporins are indicated for broad-spectrum use in various infections, including respiratory, urinary, skin infections, and for surgical prophylaxis.
20
Q
Define the class of cephalosporins.
A
Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antibiotics that come in several generations with varying spectra.
21
Q
How are cephalosporins administered?
A
Cephalosporins can be administered orally or IV, depending on the generation and formulation.
22
Q
Identify the contraindications for cephalosporins.
A
Contraindications for cephalosporins include a history of beta-lactam allergy, especially severe penicillin reactions.
23
Q
What interactions should be considered with cephalosporins?
A
Cephalosporins have cross-allergenicity with penicillins, though the risk is low in most cases.
24
Q
List the adverse effects associated with cephalosporins.
A
Adverse effects include GI upset, allergic reactions, and possible Clostridioides difficile colitis.
25
What nursing considerations should be taken into account for patients on cephalosporins?
Nursing considerations include always reviewing the patient's allergy history.
26
Describe the patient teaching necessary for those prescribed cephalosporins.
Patients should be advised to complete the full course of medication and to be aware of signs of allergy.
27
What lab monitoring is recommended for patients on cephalosporins?
Lab monitoring should include renal parameters if indicated.
28
Describe the indications for Quinolones.
Quinolones are indicated for urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory tract infections, skin and soft-tissue infections, and sometimes intra-abdominal infections.
29
Explain the mechanism of action of Quinolones.
Quinolones are fluoroquinolones that inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, making them bactericidal.
30
How are Quinolones administered?
Quinolones can be administered orally, with excellent bioavailability, or intravenously (IV).
31
Define the contraindications for Quinolones.
Quinolones should be used with caution in children, pregnant women, and patients with a history of tendon rupture or myasthenia gravis.
32
What interactions should be considered when prescribing Quinolones?
Co-administration with antacids, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc supplements markedly reduces absorption; caution is also advised with antiarrhythmic drugs due to QT prolongation risk.
33
List the adverse effects associated with Quinolones.
Adverse effects of Quinolones include tendonitis/tendon rupture, QT interval prolongation, CNS effects such as dizziness and seizures, and peripheral neuropathy.
34
Describe the nursing considerations for patients taking Quinolones.
Nursing considerations include monitoring for musculoskeletal pain and advising patients to avoid strenuous activity if symptoms occur.
35
Explain the patient teaching necessary for Quinolones.
Patients should be instructed on the proper timing with antacids and dairy products and to report any tendon pain immediately.
36
What foods or beverages should be avoided when taking Quinolones?
Patients should avoid dairy or mineral supplements close to dosing.
37
How should lab values be monitored for patients on Quinolones?
ECG monitoring may be warranted in high-risk patients, and routine labs should be conducted as clinically indicated.
38
Describe the indications for Aminoglycosides.
Aminoglycosides are indicated for serious gram-negative infections, such as Pseudomonas, and are used synergistically with beta-lactams for some gram-positive infections.
39
Explain the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides.
Aminoglycosides are bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitors that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit.
40
How are Aminoglycosides administered?
Aminoglycosides are administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM); they are not given orally except for neomycin used for gut decontamination.
41
Define the contraindications for Aminoglycosides.
Aminoglycosides should be used with caution in patients with preexisting renal or auditory impairment.
42
What interactions should be considered when prescribing Aminoglycosides?
Aminoglycosides can increase nephrotoxicity when used with vancomycin, amphotericin B, and loop diuretics, and may potentiate neuromuscular blockade.
43
List the adverse effects associated with Aminoglycosides.
Adverse effects of Aminoglycosides include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, which can lead to hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction.
44
Describe the nursing considerations for patients taking Aminoglycosides.
Nursing considerations include assessing renal function and hearing, and adjusting dosing based on pharmacokinetic monitoring.
45
Explain the patient teaching necessary for Aminoglycosides.
Patients should report any changes in hearing or balance and maintain adequate hydration.
46
What foods or beverages should be considered for patients on Aminoglycosides?
There are no specific restrictions, but maintaining adequate fluid intake is important.
47
How should lab values be monitored for patients on Aminoglycosides?
Lab monitoring should include serum aminoglycoside levels, creatinine, and BUN.
48
Describe the indications for Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics are indicated for a wide range of infections, with the specific drug choice depending on the subclass and pathogen.
49
Explain the mechanism of action of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis via the beta-lactam ring.
50
How are Beta-Lactam Antibiotics administered?
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics can be administered intravenously (IV), intramuscularly (IM), or orally, depending on the specific agent.
51
Define the contraindications for Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics are contraindicated in patients with any known allergy to beta-lactams.
52
What interactions should be considered when prescribing Beta-Lactam Antibiotics?
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics are often combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors to overcome resistance and may interact with probenecid, which prolongs drug levels.
53
List the adverse effects associated with Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
Adverse effects of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics include allergic reactions, gastrointestinal upset, and occasionally antibiotic-associated colitis.
54
Describe the nursing considerations for patients taking Beta-Lactam Antibiotics.
Nursing considerations include monitoring renal function, complete blood count (CBC), and, in some cases, drug levels for continuous infusions.
55
Describe the nursing considerations for administering Nitrofurantoin.
Verify allergy history thoroughly; monitor for signs of pulmonary distress; check renal and liver panels.
56
Explain the patient teaching required for Nitrofurantoin.
Patients should take the medication with food to reduce GI upset and complete the full course of therapy.
57
Define the indications for using polypeptide antibiotics.
Polypeptide antibiotics are indicated for infections with multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms.
58
How should renal function be monitored when using polypeptide antibiotics?
Monitor serum creatinine and BUN closely.
59
What are the contraindications for using Nitrofurantoin?
Reduced renal function (CrCl <60 mL/min) and near-term pregnancy.
60
Explain the difference between antiseptics and disinfectants.
Antiseptics are applied to living tissue to inhibit microbial growth, while disinfectants are used on nonliving surfaces to kill microbes.
61
What are the adverse effects associated with Nitrofurantoin?
GI upset, pulmonary reactions (rare but serious), and hepatotoxicity.
62
Describe the patient teaching for antiseptics.
Educate that antiseptic products are safe for skin, while disinfectants are not for personal use.
63
What should be monitored during prolonged therapy with Nitrofurantoin?
Renal function tests and liver enzymes.
64
How should Povidone-Iodine be used?
It is applied topically for preoperative skin preparation and wound antisepsis.
65
What are the contraindications for using Povidone-Iodine?
Known iodine allergy and caution in patients with thyroid disorders.
66
What interactions should be considered when using Povidone-Iodine?
It can inactivate other topical agents if applied concurrently.
67
What are the adverse effects of Povidone-Iodine?
Local irritation, allergic dermatitis, and rarely systemic iodine absorption.
68
What nursing considerations are important for Povidone-Iodine?
Ensure correct concentration and contact time.
69
What are the interactions of polypeptide antibiotics with other medications?
Concomitant use with other nephrotoxic drugs increases the risk of toxicity.
70
What is the route of administration for polypeptide antibiotics?
Primarily IV, with inhalational formulations available for lung infections.
71
What should patients report when taking polypeptide antibiotics?
Any decrease in urine output or signs of neurotoxicity.
72
What lab values should be monitored when using polypeptide antibiotics?
Monitor renal function closely, including serum creatinine and BUN.
73
What are the adverse effects of polypeptide antibiotics?
Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity.
74
What is the class of Nitrofurantoin?
Nitrofuran antibiotic.
75
What are the food and beverage restrictions for Nitrofurantoin?
There are no significant restrictions, but ensure adequate fluid intake.
76
What is the route of administration for Nitrofurantoin?
Oral.
77
What should be monitored for patients taking Nitrofurantoin?
Signs of pulmonary distress and renal and liver panels.
78
Describe the signs of a hypersensitivity reaction to medication.
Mild reactions include rash, pruritus, or hives, while severe reactions may involve laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, hypotension, and possible cardiac arrest.
79
Explain the first step to take in case of a severe hypersensitivity reaction.
Stop the dosage form immediately; if administered intravenously, stop the infusion, leave the intravenous line in place, contact the prescriber, and monitor the patient closely.
80
Define Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
CRE is a group of highly resistant gram-negative bacteria that often require treatment with last-resort agents such as colistin and tigecycline.
81
How should nursing considerations be applied when dealing with CRE infections?
Strict infection control measures and isolation protocols are mandatory.
82
What is the purpose of prophylactic antibiotics?
Prophylactic antibiotics are given prior to procedures, such as surgery, to prevent infection.
83
Describe the timing considerations for administering prophylactic antibiotics.
Timing is critical; they are usually administered 30 minutes before the operation.
84
Explain the importance of patient teaching regarding prophylactic antibiotics.
Patients should understand the rationale and importance of adhering to the prescribed antibiotic regimen.
85
List the antibiotics commonly used for gram-positive organisms.
Penicillins, vancomycin, and clindamycin.
86
What are the indications for using vancomycin?
Vancomycin is indicated for severe infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and enterococci.
87
Identify the class and route of administration for vancomycin.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic administered intravenously for systemic infections; the oral route is used only for C. difficile colitis.
88
What are the contraindications for using vancomycin?
Known allergy to vancomycin and caution in patients with renal impairment.
89
Describe the interactions associated with vancomycin.
Vancomycin increases nephrotoxicity when given with other nephrotoxic drugs, such as aminoglycosides.
90
What are the adverse effects of vancomycin?
Adverse effects include 'Red man syndrome' (from rapid infusion), nephrotoxicity, and ototoxicity.
91
How should lab values be monitored for patients on vancomycin?
Monitor trough levels, creatinine, and BUN.
92
What nursing considerations should be taken when administering vancomycin?
Infuse vancomycin slowly and monitor vital signs and renal function.
93
What should patients be taught regarding vancomycin?
Patients should be advised to report any flushing or changes in hearing and to complete the prescribed course.
94
What lab monitoring is necessary for vancomycin therapy?
Target trough levels should typically be <10–15 mcg/mL for most infections, along with renal panels.
95
Define the indications for penicillin use.
Penicillin is indicated for infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococcus and syphilis, and some gram-negative infections with extended-spectrum forms.
96
What class of antibiotic is penicillin?
Penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which includes natural, penicillinase-resistant, aminopenicillins, and extended-spectrum forms.
97
Describe the routes of administration for penicillin.
Penicillin can be administered orally (penicillin V) or intravenously/intramuscularly (penicillin G).
98
What are the contraindications for penicillin?
History of penicillin allergy.
99
Explain the interactions associated with penicillin.
Penicillin has cross-allergenicity with cephalosporins and can potentiate the effect of warfarin by reducing gut flora vitamin K.
100
What are the potential adverse effects of penicillin?
Adverse effects include allergic reactions ranging from rash to anaphylaxis and gastrointestinal upset.
101
How should lab values be monitored during prolonged therapy with penicillin?
Monitor CBC and renal function.
102
What nursing considerations should be taken when administering penicillin?
Always verify allergy history and monitor for signs of anaphylaxis.
103
What should patients be taught regarding penicillin?
Patients should be instructed to take the full course of the medication and report any signs of allergic reaction.
104
Describe the indications for Minoxidil.
Minoxidil is indicated for androgenetic alopecia (hair loss).
105
Explain the class and route of administration for Silver Sulfadiazine.
Silver Sulfadiazine is a topical antimicrobial (sulfonamide derivative combined with silver) administered as a topical cream (typically 1%).
106
Define the contraindications for Tretinoin.
Tretinoin is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its teratogenic potential and in individuals with hypersensitivity to retinoids.
107
How should Mupirocin be applied according to nursing considerations?
Mupirocin should be applied only to affected areas, and the nurse should observe for signs of local irritation.
108
Do excessive use of Minoxidil have any interactions?
Yes, excessive use of Minoxidil may lead to systemic hypotension, especially if combined with other vasodilators.
109
Explain the adverse effects associated with Tretinoin.
Adverse effects of Tretinoin include local irritation, peeling, redness, and photosensitivity.
110
What lab values should be monitored when using Silver Sulfadiazine?
Renal function should be monitored if extensive burns are treated with Silver Sulfadiazine.
111
Describe the patient teaching for Minoxidil.
Patients should apply Minoxidil only to the scalp as directed and report any signs of hypotension.
112
How does 5% Fluorouracil Cream function in treatment?
5% Fluorouracil Cream is a topical antimetabolite/antineoplastic used for the treatment of actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma.
113
What are the adverse effects of Mupirocin?
Adverse effects of Mupirocin include local irritation, burning, or itching at the application site.
114
Define the nursing considerations for Tretinoin.
Nursing considerations for Tretinoin include instructing on gradual introduction and advising on proper sun protection.
115
Explain the contraindications for 5% Fluorouracil Cream.
5% Fluorouracil Cream is contraindicated in pregnancy and in individuals with hypersensitivity to 5-FU.
116
What should patients be instructed regarding the use of Mupirocin?
Patients should use Mupirocin exactly as prescribed and avoid covering the area with occlusive dressings unless directed.
117
Describe the route of administration for Tretinoin.
Tretinoin is administered topically in the form of cream, gel, or liquid.
118
How should blood pressure be monitored when using Minoxidil?
Blood pressure should be monitored if systemic absorption of Minoxidil is suspected.
119
What are the food and beverage restrictions for Tretinoin?
There are no specific food or beverage restrictions for Tretinoin.
120
Explain the interactions associated with Silver Sulfadiazine.
Silver Sulfadiazine has limited systemic absorption; caution is advised if other topical agents are used concurrently.
121
Describe the indications for Tretinoin.
Tretinoin is indicated for acne vulgaris and photoaged skin, including fine wrinkles and hyperpigmentation.
122
What are the nursing considerations for Silver Sulfadiazine?
Nursing considerations for Silver Sulfadiazine include applying it to clean, debrided burns and using sterile technique.
123
How does excessive use of Minoxidil affect blood pressure?
Excessive use of Minoxidil may lead to systemic hypotension.
124
What are the adverse effects of Silver Sulfadiazine?
Adverse effects of Silver Sulfadiazine include local irritation and, in rare cases, systemic absorption that can affect renal function.
125
Define the class of Minoxidil.
Minoxidil is classified as a potent vasodilator used topically for hair regrowth.
126
Explain the patient teaching for Tretinoin regarding sun exposure.
Patients should use sunscreen and avoid waxing or harsh scrubs during treatment with Tretinoin.
127
Describe the adverse effects associated with topical treatments for skin conditions.
Severe local skin irritation, erythema, peeling, and burning sensation.
128
Explain the nursing considerations for using Spinosad in treating head lice.
Ensure proper application and re-treatment if required.
129
Define the indications for using Collagenase in wound care.
Enzymatic debridement of necrotic tissue in chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers.
130
How should patients be instructed to use Isotretinoin for severe acne treatment?
Strict adherence to contraception, report mood changes, and avoid vitamin A supplements and alcohol.
131
What are the contraindications for using Isotretinoin?
Pregnancy, severe liver dysfunction, hyperlipidemia, and history of depression.
132
Describe the patient teaching necessary for those using topical antifungals for candidiasis.
Complete the full course of treatment and maintain proper local hygiene.
133
What are the adverse effects of using Collagenase?
Local irritation and pain at the application site.
134
Explain the importance of lab monitoring for patients on Isotretinoin.
Monitor liver function tests, lipid profile, and pregnancy tests due to potential adverse effects.
135
What should patients avoid while taking Isotretinoin?
Alcohol, as it can exacerbate hepatotoxicity.
136
Describe the class and route of administration for Spinosad.
Topical insecticide/antiparasitic, administered as a topical lotion or shampoo.
137
What are the indications for using Medroxyprogesterone?
Contraception and management of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
138
How should patients be advised regarding sun exposure while using topical treatments?
Avoid sun exposure and use sunscreen.
139
What are the common adverse effects of Spinosad?
Scalp irritation and mild itching.
140
Define the interactions associated with Collagenase.
May interact with certain wound dressings; avoid concurrent use with other debriding agents.
141
What nursing considerations should be taken when treating candidiasis with topical antifungals?
Ensure proper hygiene and application technique.
142
Explain the route of administration for Isotretinoin.
Oral.
143
What are the lab values that need to be monitored for patients on Isotretinoin?
Liver function tests, lipid profile, and pregnancy tests.
144
Describe the contraindications for using topical antifungals.
Allergy to the specific antifungal.
145
What should patients expect during treatment with topical skin treatments?
Expect inflammation during treatment.
146
Explain the contraindications for using progestin in endometrial cancer treatment.
Contraindications include thromboembolic disorders, active liver disease, and pregnancy.
147
Describe the class and common route of administration for Depo-Provera.
Depo-Provera is classified as a progestin and is commonly administered as a long-acting intramuscular injection.
148
How do enzyme inducers affect the effectiveness of progestin?
Enzyme inducers, such as anticonvulsants, may decrease the effectiveness of progestin.
149
List some adverse effects associated with long-term use of progestin.
Adverse effects include irregular bleeding, weight gain, and decreased bone mineral density.
150
What nursing considerations should be taken into account when administering progestin?
Nursing considerations include monitoring menstrual patterns and counseling regarding potential delayed return to fertility.
151
Discuss the importance of patient teaching regarding progestin injections.
Patient teaching should include explaining the injection schedule, the importance of follow-up, and discussing lifestyle measures to protect bone health.
152
Identify the indications for oral contraceptives.
Oral contraceptives are indicated for pregnancy prevention, regulating menses, and improving acne.
153
Define the classes of oral contraceptives.
Oral contraceptives can be classified as combined estrogen–progestin formulations or progestin-only pills.
154
What are the contraindications for using oral contraceptives?
Contraindications include a history of thromboembolic events, estrogen-dependent neoplasms, uncontrolled hypertension, and smoking in women over 35.
155
Explain how certain medications can interact with oral contraceptives.
Certain antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and rifampin can reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives.
156
What are some common adverse effects of oral contraceptives?
Common adverse effects include nausea, weight gain, breast tenderness, mood changes, and thromboembolic risks.
157
Describe the nursing considerations before initiating oral contraceptives.
Nursing considerations include assessing risk factors and instructing on the proper pill-taking schedule.
158
What should patients be taught regarding adherence to oral contraceptives?
Patients should be taught the importance of adherence and the need for backup methods with interacting medications.
159
Identify the indications for oxytocin administration.
Oxytocin is indicated for the induction or augmentation of labor and the prevention or treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
160
What class does oxytocin belong to and how is it administered?
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and is administered via intravenous infusion or intramuscular injection.
161
List the contraindications for using oxytocin.
Contraindications include certain obstetric conditions such as cephalopelvic disproportion and risks of hyperstimulation.
162
Explain the potential adverse effects of oxytocin.
Adverse effects of oxytocin include uterine hyperstimulation and water intoxication with prolonged use.
163
What are the key nursing considerations when administering oxytocin?
Key nursing considerations include continuous fetal monitoring and careful titration of the infusion.
164
Discuss the purpose of patient teaching when administering oxytocin.
Patient teaching should explain the purpose of oxytocin and that close monitoring will occur during administration.
165
What is the indication for clomiphene use?
Clomiphene is indicated for the induction of ovulation in women with infertility.
166
Define the class of clomiphene and its route of administration.
Clomiphene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and is administered orally.
167
How might clomiphene interact with other therapies?
Clomiphene may interact with exogenous estrogen therapies.
168
What are the contraindications for clomiphene?
Contraindications include ovarian cysts, uncontrolled liver disease, and pregnancy.
169
List some adverse effects associated with clomiphene.
Adverse effects include hot flashes, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and visual disturbances.
170
What lab values may be monitored during clomiphene treatment cycles?
Hormonal assays such as LH, FSH, and estradiol may be monitored during treatment cycles.
171
What nursing considerations should be taken into account when administering clomiphene?
Nursing considerations include monitoring for signs of ovarian hyperstimulation and tracking menstrual cycles.
172
What should patients be advised regarding the timing of clomiphene dosing?
Patients should be advised on the timing of dosing relative to their menstrual cycle and to report any unusual symptoms.
173
Are there any specific food or beverage restrictions for clomiphene?
There are no specific food or beverage restrictions for clomiphene.
174
Describe the indications for bisphosphonate Alendronate.
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, specifically postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
175
Explain the class of medication that bisphosphonate Alendronate belongs to.
Alendronate is classified as a bisphosphonate.
176
How is bisphosphonate Alendronate administered?
Alendronate can be administered orally in tablet form or via intravenous (IV) formulations.
177
Identify the contraindications for bisphosphonate Alendronate.
Contraindications include esophageal abnormalities, inability to remain upright for at least 30 minutes after dosing, and hypocalcemia.
178
What interactions should be considered when taking bisphosphonate Alendronate?
Calcium supplements, antacids, and dairy products taken concurrently can reduce the absorption of Alendronate.
179
List the adverse effects associated with bisphosphonate Alendronate.
Adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation, esophageal ulceration, and rare cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw with long-term use.
180
What lab values should be monitored when a patient is on bisphosphonate Alendronate?
Serum calcium levels and bone mineral density via DEXA scan should be monitored.
181
Describe the nursing considerations for administering bisphosphonate Alendronate.
Proper administration should be instructed (with a full glass of water and remaining upright); monitor for gastrointestinal distress.
182
What patient teaching is important for those taking bisphosphonate Alendronate?
Patients should not lie down for 30 minutes after dosing and should avoid eating or drinking, especially dairy, for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication.
183
Identify dietary restrictions for patients taking bisphosphonate Alendronate.
Patients should avoid dairy and calcium-rich foods around the time of dosing.
184
Explain the indications for Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs).
SERMs are indicated for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and for the reduction of breast cancer risk.
185
What is the class of medication that includes Raloxifene?
Raloxifene is classified as a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM).
186
How are SERMs administered?
SERMs are administered orally.
187
Identify the contraindications for SERMs.
Contraindications include a history of thromboembolic events, pregnancy, and certain liver disorders.
188
What interactions should be monitored with SERMs?
SERMs may interact with warfarin, altering its anticoagulant effect.
189
List the adverse effects associated with SERMs.
Adverse effects include hot flashes, leg cramps, and an increased risk of thromboembolism.
190
What lab values should be monitored for patients on SERMs?
Bone density testing and lipid profiles may be affected and should be monitored.
191
Describe the nursing considerations for patients taking SERMs.
Monitor for signs of venous thromboembolism and advise periodic bone density evaluations.
192
What patient teaching is important for those taking SERMs?
Patients should report any leg pain or swelling and adhere to their dosing schedule.
193
Explain the indications for Estrogen Drug Therapy.
Estrogen Drug Therapy is indicated for hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms, prevention of osteoporosis, and treatment of estrogen deficiency.
194
What class of medication do conjugated estrogens and estradiol belong to?
They belong to the class of estrogens.
195
How can Estrogen Drug Therapy be administered?
Estrogen Drug Therapy can be administered orally, transdermally via patches, or vaginally through creams or tablets.
196
Identify the contraindications for Estrogen Drug Therapy.
Contraindications include estrogen-dependent cancers, active or past thromboembolic disorders, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, and pregnancy.
197
What interactions should be considered with Estrogen Drug Therapy?
Smoking, especially in older women, increases thrombotic risk, and certain enzyme inducers may reduce the efficacy of estrogen.
198
List the adverse effects associated with Estrogen Drug Therapy.
Adverse effects include nausea, breast tenderness, increased risk of thromboembolism, and potential endometrial hyperplasia or cancer if unopposed.
199
What lab values should be monitored for patients on Estrogen Drug Therapy?
Endometrial thickness (if applicable), liver function, and lipid profiles should be monitored.
200
Describe the nursing considerations for patients receiving Estrogen Drug Therapy.
Assess cardiovascular risk, advise on lifestyle modifications, and ensure proper monitoring.
201
What patient teaching is important for those on Estrogen Drug Therapy?
Instruct on proper application if transdermal, warn of signs of thromboembolism, and stress the importance of follow-up appointments.
202
Identify dietary recommendations for patients on Estrogen Drug Therapy.
Smoking cessation is critical; while there are no specific food restrictions, a balanced diet is recommended.
