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D&D Infectious Disease FINAL > Pharm - Antiviral Drugs > Flashcards

Pharm - Antiviral Drugs Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

true or false

viruses are obligate intracellular parasites

A

true

they depend on the host machinery to survive

can be considered the smallest parasites

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2
Q

true or false

parasites are cells

A

FALSE
they are not

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3
Q

true or false

There are NO DRUGS that can kill a virus

A

TRUE!
can only inhibit their growth

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4
Q

true or false

both bacteria and fungi can live outside the host cell while viruses cannot

A

true

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5
Q

explain the structure of a virus

A

-has a nucleic acid core (can be DNA or RNA), surrounded by a CAPSID.

-outermost is the lipoprotein envelope that as a similar function to the cell membrane, which has SPIKE PROTEINS

there are NO ORGANELLES OR NUCLEUS

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6
Q

nucleic acid core + capsid/coat is called…

A

nucleocapsid

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7
Q

explain what the nucleic acid within the virus can be

A

ss or ds DNA or ss or ds RNA

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8
Q

true or false

all viruses have an envelope

A

FALSE - not all do

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9
Q

comparatively, the virion diameter of the herpes virus and the genome size are _______-

A

large

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10
Q

is herpes an RNA or DNA virus

A

ds linear DNA virus

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11
Q

only structural difference between DNA and RNA

A

RNA has an OH on carbon 2 and DNA does not

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12
Q

most RNA viruses are single or double strand?

A

ss

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13
Q

name 3 RNA viruses

A

retrovirus (HIV!)
coronavirus
orthomyxovirus

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14
Q

Aside from herpes virus, name 3 other DNA viruses

A

poxvirus
adenovirus
papillomavirus

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15
Q

what disease does poxvirus cause and is it RNA or DNA

A

DNA - smallpox

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16
Q

name 3 diseases caused by herpes virus

is it RNA or DNA

A

DNA

herpes
chicken pox
shingles

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17
Q

name 2 diseases that adenovirus causes and is it RNA or DNA

A

DNA

sore throat, conjunctivitis

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18
Q

explain the replication cycle of a DNA virus

A
  1. attachment to host cell membrane and subsequent endocytosis/fusion to get into the host cell
  2. uncoating and transfer of viral DNA to the host nucleus
  3. the viral DNA can either be used to synthesize MORE viral DNA or be transcribed into viral mRNA
  4. if transcribed into viral mRNA, the host cell ribosomes are used to make various viral proteins like structural proteins, enzymes, and regulatory proteins, which can be used to assemble a new virion for release to infect other cells
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19
Q

when a new virion is assembled and leaves the original host cell, what is this called?

A

budding

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20
Q

how can the synthesis of viral DNA be inhibited and name 4 drugs that do this

A

through inhibiting viral DNA polymerase

acyclovir
vidarabine
foscarnet
ganciclovir

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21
Q

explain the replication cycle of RNA viruses

A
  1. attachment to surface of host cell via hemagglutinin and endocytosis into the host cell - endosome is formed
  2. through the M2 protein channel, H ions go into the endosome
  3. M2 allows uncoating to open the envelope and allow the genetic material (RNA) of the virus to get into the nucleus
  4. within the nucleus, the viral RNA is transcribed into either mRNA or MORE viral RNA
  5. both the mRNA and new vRNA leave the nucleus. the mRNA uses the host ribisome to produce structural and nonstructural viral proteins where they meet with the newly formed viral RNA to form a NEW VIRION WHICH BUDS OFF AND IS RELEASED FROM THE HOST CELL TO INFECT MORE CELLS
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22
Q

name 2 drugs that inhibit the uncoating of the viral envelope (and thus the release of RNA into the nucleus) through inhibiting M2

A

amantadine and rimantadine

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23
Q

name a drug that inhibits RNA polymerase and thus inhibits the synthesis of viral mRNA from viral RNA

A

ribavirin

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24
Q

name 2 drugs that inhibit the RELEASE of RNA viruses

A

zanamavir and oseltamivir

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25
what do NRTIs inhibit
nucleic acid synthesis
26
true or false protease inhibitors inhibit late protein synthesis and processing
TRUE inhibit proteins from breaking into smaller, functional proteins
27
true or false influenza is a DNA virus
FALSE - RNA
28
explain the MOA of anti HERPES DRUGS
starts with a nucleoside drug through the VIRAL ENZYME - thymidine kinase -- gets a phosphate group put on it to become MONOPHOSPHATE then, HOST kinases need to phosphorylate 2 more times to TRIPHOSPHATE this triphosphated nucleoside has 2 different functions: 1 is to competitively inhibit viral DNA polymerase and thus inhibit viral DNA synthesis the other is to be incorporated into VIRAL DNA (bc structurally similar to guanidine) to cause CHAIN TERMINATION OF VIRAL DNA -- cannot continue to make DNA
29
name 3 anti herpes drugs that can skip the first step in the mechanism. how can they do this?
they already have 1 phosphate group (except trifluridine) and thus do not need the 1st step done by viral enzymes trifluridine cidofovir foscarnet nucleotides!
30
name 3 nucleosides used as anti herpes drugs do they need to undergo the 1st step?
YES - need to undergo 1st step acyclovir penciclovir ganiciclovir
31
acyclovir structurally mimics.....
guanosine
32
HHV3
varicella-zoster virus it is in the herpes virus family
33
HHV5
cytomegalovirus it is in the herpes virus family
34
HHV1 vs HHV2
both are herpes viruses HHV1 is oral HHV2 is genital
35
how many human herpes viruses (HHV) are there
8
36
what type of virus is the herpes virus
dsDNA virus
37
differentiate between lytic vs latent phase of the herpes virus
lytic - primary infection - you have symptoms latent - persistent infection but no symptoms - can have intermittent reactivation
38
how are herpes viruses spread to others?
through secretions - oral or genital secretion
39
true or false HSV2 is oral herpes
FALSE HSV2 is genital and HSV1 is oral
40
true or false there is a vaccination that can prevent HSV1/2 infection
FALSE - NONE
41
HSV1 (oral herpes) occurs most often in who?? what are some symptoms?
young children causes lesions near the mouth, fever, sore throat
42
COMPLICATIONS of HSV2 (genital herpes)
lesions other than in genital area, aseptic meningitis
43
explain components of varicells zoster virus (HHV3)
Varicella = chickenpox zoster = shingles
44
symptoms of varicella and how long for immune system to take control
fever, rash 1-3 weeks
45
the latent phase of the varicella-zoster virus is present where? name some symptoms of when it's reactivated
latent in the ganglion of CNS pain, burning, red rash, itching
46
7 drugs for HSV/VZV
acyclovir valacyclovir penciclovir famiciclovir docosanol trifluridine idoxuridine
47
true or false foscarnet is a nucleotide
FALSE has phosphate group (so can skip 1st step) but no nucleic acid base
48
MOA of acyclovir and how can you tell by looking at the structure
Terminates DNA elongation. BECAUSE MISSING 3' OH GROUP!!! Phosphate on DNA will only link to this 3' OH group but there isn't one present also competitively inhibits viral DNA polymerase
49
acyclovir is an _____ ____ ___ analog
ACYCLIC GUANINE NUCLEOSIDE as an acyclic sugar instead of 5 membered ribose
50
acyclovir lacks _______ on its side chain
3' hydroxyl
51
acyclovir is most potent for which herpes virus
mainly HSV1 then HSV2 less active vs VZV and CMV
52
what does acyclovir compete with
GTP
53
2 major resistance mechanisms against acyclovir
1. MAIN = decreased production of viral thymidine kinase (1st step of phosphorylation!!) 2. mutations in viral DNA polymerase.
54
if there is resistance to acyclovir bc the virus is decreasing production of its viral thymidine kinase, are there any alternative agents we can use?
YES - use drugs that don't need that 1st step: -foscarnet -cidofovir -trifluridine
55
aside from being used for HSV1/HSV2 treatment, what else can acyclovir be used for
prophylaxis in organ transplant patients can also be helpful in HIV-HSV dual infections
56
3 routes of administration for acyclovir
oral IV topical
57
2 main AE's of IV acyclovir formulation**
nephrotoxic and neurotoxic can also cause headache generally well tolerated
58
what other drugs is acyclovir contraindicated with
other drugs that cause nephrotoxicity
59
valacyclovir is a _______ of acyclovir
prodrug technically all are considered prodrugs tho bc they all need to be phosphorylated
60
is valacylovir given IV
NO - only oral has very high oral bioavailability
61
3 main AE's of valacyclovir
headache rash nephrotoxicity
62
both peniciclovir and famiciclovir are _____ analogs
guanine
63
_____- is a diacetyl ester PRODRUG of 6-deoxypenciclovir
famicilovir
64
true or false famciclovir and penciclovir are nucleosides
TRUE
65
is there any advantage to famciclovir/penciclovir over acyclovir?
YES - only advanatage is that they have longer tissue half life
66
mechanism of famciclovir/penciclovir
JUST 1 MOA - inhibits viral DNA polymerase DOES NOT DO DNA CHAIN TERMINATION
67
differentiate between the routes of administration for famciclovir vs penciclovir
penciclovir is ONLY GIVEN TOPICALLY FOR HERPES LABIALIS AS A 1% CREAM famciclovir however has good oral bioavailbility and is excreted in the urine
68
AE famciclovir and penciclovir
famciclovir - same as acyclovir -- headache, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic penciclovir - only given orally so just application site reactions
69
what is the only antiviral that is NOT a prodrug?? what is MOA
docosanol has totally different MOA it prevents ENTRY of the virus by inhibiting fusion of the viral envelope to the host cell membrane
70
how is docosanol administered
only as a cream for orolabial herpes (around mouth) -- available OTC
71
true or flase docosonal needs to be used in the early stages of viral infection or it will have no benefit
TRUE
72
TRUE OR FALSE trifluridine can be used for acyclovir-resistant HSV infection
true!!! it doesnt need the1st step by viral thymidine kinase it's phosphorylated by HOST ENZYMES to triphosphate
73
trifluridine MOA
inhibits viral DNA synthesis by incorporating into the DNA strand through viral DNA polymerase prevents base pairing ALSO the monophosphate form inhibits thymidylate synthase, thus inhibiting thymine production
74
true or false trifluridine cannot be used if there is mutation in the viral enzyme for thymidine kinase
FALSE - it can
75

D&D Infectious Disease FINAL (21 decks)

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